苏北地区中小企业融资问题研究

苏北地区中小企业目前的融资渠道存在融资渠道单一、资金外流、金融有效供给不足等现象,融资难的问题已经对中国中小企业的进一步发展构成了瓶颈制约。本文以江苏的苏北地区中小企业为研究对象,研究苏北地区中小企业融资现状,分析融资困难的原因,包括自身体制不够健全、融资渠道不够畅通、融资成本过高等,探讨解决苏北地区中小企业融资渠道的对策与方法。     

我国中小企业融资方式探究

中小企业的融资问题是关系到中小企业生存和发展的首要问题,融资困难的现象普遍存在并且未能有效解决。而在2008年爆发金融危机后,使得原本融资就比较困难的中小企业雪上加霜。本文通过多方面分析我国中小企业融资困难的原因其自身的特点,发现了企业在融资过程中的一般性规律,并通过对中小企业现有融资方式的研究,提出中小企业融资方式应该多样化、差别化等方式就解决融资方式匮乏提出建议。单一对策是无法解决中小企业融资方式匮乏的现实问题,而必须百花齐放,为解决我国中小企业融资困境打下坚实基础。     

中小企业融资窘境的成因及相关对策探讨

中小企业融资窘境是由宏观环境与中小企业自身原因共同作用的结果,本文从宏观和微观两个层面分析中小企业融资难的原因.宏观上主要从国家政策、法律环境及银行等方面探讨原因.微观上从企业自身出发,主要从其管理模式较为落后,难以提供有效担保、信用信息不对称,企业领导者素质等方面入手研究其融资困难的原因,本文的重点在于讨论信用担保与融资租赁在解决中小企业融资问题上的作用.     

紧缩货币政策下的黑龙江省中小企业融资新路

面对不断收紧的信贷窗口，原本融资困难的中小企业想要通过银行融资的难度越来越大。如何在紧缩的货币政策下，满足旺盛的资金需求，是我省中小企业亟待解决的问题。中小企业必须打开思路，开辟多元化融资渠道，积极学习利用新的金融工具，如担保贷款、创业板上市融资、私募股权基金、融资租赁、典当融资等更多有效的融资方法，来切实解决我省中小企业融资难的问题。     

浅析中小企业融资问题

在当今激烈的市场竞争环境里,尤其是在世界经济出现持续低迷的阶段,融资问题成为影响中小企业财务管理至关重要的因素。文章采用文献研究法、总结归纳法等研究方法通过对中小企业融资的现状进行分析,阐述了中小企业面临的融资困境,剖析了中小企业产生融资难问题的原因,试图找出中小企业融资困难的问题所在,提出了解决中小企业融资困难的对策,对促进中小企业的发展有积极的意义。     

我国中小企业知识产权筹融资方式分析

中小企业是我国国民经济的重要组成部分,但我国中小企业融资渠道比较狭窄,主要依赖业主投资、内部集资和银行贷款等融资渠道,虽然近年开辟了风险投资和发行股票等融资渠道,但对改善中小企业的融资困境所发挥的作用仍然有限,融资问题一直是制约企业发展的主要瓶颈之一。知识产权融资,作为中小企业融资方式的重要金融制度和技术创新,可以在中小企业发展的不同阶段,有效缓解融资困境。文章通过解析以知识产权实现权益融资方式和以知识产权实现债务融资两种方式,探讨中小企业在发展过程中不同阶段的融资方案选择,为解决我国中小企业融资难题提供有效方案。     

国内外中小企业融资模式比较研究

资金是经济发展的一个决定性因素,是企业的血液,资金的数量、结构等状况直接制约着各类企业的运行和能否可持续发展。中小企业规模较小,难以获得银行和其他金融机构的支持是世界各国中小企业发展过程中普遍面临的问题,西方经济学家对该问题的研究颇多。文章通过选取国外典型的中小企业融资模式与国内较先进的中小企业融资模式,从融资渠道、融资环境、融资方式以及相关政策方面进行比较和研究,以期给予国内中小企业融资一定的启示帮助。     

畅通中小企业融资渠道的对策选择

畅通中小企业融资渠道、缓解中小企业融资困难是一项社会工程。中国中小企业融资渠道问题的解决要以畅通中小企业融资渠道为落脚点,弄清和找准中小企业融资渠道不畅的关键所在,进而从企业;银行、政府三方面共同努力,协调配合有效解决中国中小企业融资渠道不畅的问题。     

基于融资租赁制度视角下我国中小企业融资路径突破思考

中小企业融资难是近年来我国经济发展过程中一直难以解决的重要课题。融资租赁作为集贸易、融资、租赁于一体的创新金融产品,是企业长期机器设备投资的重要融资方式,尤其是对于中小企业更是一种契合度较高的固定资产融资路径,对于促进我国中小企业发展有着不可替代的作用。虽然近几年来,从总体上来看,我国融资租赁发展速度较快,但融资租赁却未能按照理论研究思路,在制度设计范畴内对有效化解中小企业融资困境发挥这一金融产品应有的创新功能。本文结合自身近十年融资租赁思考与实践,从融资租赁制度角度,分析了中小企业融资租赁渗透率低的根本原因,并从政策、创新等多个方面提出提高中小企业融资租赁率渗透率的建议,以提高这一金融产品对我国中小企业发展的促进作用,探索突破中小企业融资困境的有效路径。     

中小企业知识产权建设对质押融资的影响

知识产权质押融资为中小企业开辟了崭新的融资途径,但是,由于在此之前许多中小企业在知识产权建设方面欠缺,不能够很好的迈过这道关键的门槛进行有效的融资,只能够可望而不可及。文章就中小企业知识产权建设的内涵、知识产权建设的现状、知识产权建设存在的问题等进行了论述,分析了知识产权建设对中小企业融资的影响,提出了中小企业融资和知识产权建设变恶性循环为良性循环的途径,以期待中小企业拥有更多的知识产权,获得更多的知识产权质押融资,有效的解决中小企业融资困难的问题。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.