构建云南和谐劳动力市场

构建和谐劳动力市场体系既是完善市场经济体系所必需的,也是推动国民经济持续健康发展的重要基础和促进城乡经济社会协调发展的前提。同时构建和谐劳动力市场能有效实现人力资源配置,并且对劳动力流动性、劳动力市场的一体化程度及劳动力市场制度功能和取向都有重要意义。文章对云南劳动力市场在“结构性失业”、“市场分割”、“性别歧视”等方面进行实证分析,并提出一些建议和解决对策。     

促进大学生就业的对策研究

当前,我国大学生的就业难问题突出,促进大学生就业是当务之急。大学生"毕业即失业"现象,与我国的经济产业结构滞后发展、政府制度性或体制性障碍分割了统一劳动力市场、高校教育以及大学生自身的知识结构不适应市场需求等等多个方面是分不开的。因此文章试从经济发展与产业结构、政府制度、高校改革以及大学生自身这四方面展开分析,探讨给出了促进大学生就业的对策建议。     

劳动力市场分割条件下大学毕业生自愿性失业问题初探

当前大学毕业生失业问题已成为一种不容忽视的社会现象。文章从劳动力市场分割理论出发,初步探讨了劳动力市场分割与大学毕业生自愿性失业的关系,并提出了缓解劳动力市场分割条件下大学毕业生自愿性失业的对策。     

我国劳动力供给的“刘易斯拐点”争论研究

目前国内经济学界围绕“中国无限劳动力供给时代是否结束”展开了激烈争论,争论的实质主要体现在对“拐点”概念认识、证明及数据选择上的分歧.判断“刘易斯拐点”是否到来的关键在于考察“农村剩余劳动力数量”和“城镇内部工资是否趋同”两大因素.沿着这一思路,我国呈现出农村劳动力过剩和城镇劳动力供给不足并存的特殊现象,这说明我国劳动力供给“刘易斯拐点”尚未到来,目前劳动力短缺现象主要是劳动力市场制度性分割作用的结果.     

国内外学者劳动力市场分割理论研究述评——兼论对研究反福利依赖的启示

劳动力市场分割是劳动经济学前沿领域的重要命题,各国劳动力市场上广泛存在的失业、贫困、歧视、同工不同酬等社会经济现象都使对劳动力市场分割问题的研究具有重要的理论与现实意义。文章主要概括、归纳和总结国内外学者对劳动力市场分割理论研究的进展情况,并简要评价其对研究我国反福利依赖的启示。     

兵团与地方的劳动力流动:制度性分割的视角

新疆生产建设兵团作为一个党、政、军、企合一的特殊组织,拥有一套与地方不同的复杂的制度安排。制度差异导致由兵团和地方组成的新疆区内劳动力市场是非一体化的,劳动力市场因此呈现出一种制度性分割状态。制度性分割造成了兵团与地方之间劳动力流动的低水平和单向性。为实现兵团的可持续发展,必须打破制度性分割,大力发展融合型经济,使兵团与地方的改革步伐协调并行,以充分发挥人力资本对区域经济发展的促进作用。     

我国劳动力市场结构性失业现状、原因及对策分析

国内众多学者在研究我国劳动力市场结构性失业原因时将其归结为“能岗不匹配”,即劳动者所具有的知识、技能、素质等与企业所需之间不匹配.本文对我国劳动力市场结构性失业基本特征进行了分析,对其形成原因进行了探讨,并在此基础上提出对策建议.     

人力资本投资失衡的劳动力市场分割原因剖析

劳动力市场分割会阻碍农村劳动力进入主要劳动力市场，这使得农村居民人力资本投资低于统一、开放、可竞争劳动力市场的数量。劳动力市场分割三个原因中主要是制度性歧视，因此，可以通过新制度安排以缓解城乡间人力资本投资的差距。     

“民工荒”与“大学生就业难”的理论解释

＂民工荒＂与＂大学生就业难＂这一两难局面由多面因素造成,微笑曲线理论、劳动力市场分割理论、筛选理论、职业搜寻失业论、经济结构变动形成的失业理论、二元劳动力市场分割理论、内部人—外部人理论,从不同角度解释了这一两难局面的成因。要解决这一两难问题,应该优化产业结构,适当缩小本科招生规模,净化劳动力市场,充分发展服务业。     

劳动力市场分割的可持续性研究

本文借鉴经济学中的内生技术进步理论,从历史变迁的视角对劳动力市场分割的可持续性进行了研究。研究结果表明,我国劳动力市场分割持续存在的原因在于我国劳动力市场分割存在一个局部正反馈的循环系统。我国劳动力市场分割导致劳动密集型产业快速发展,而劳动密集型产业的快速发展又导致我国人力资本收益的减小和人力资本投资量的不足,从而进一步加剧劳动力市场分割程度。因此,退出这个循环是缓解我国劳动力市场分割程度的关键。     

The Prospect of Migration,Sticky Wages,and “Educated Unemployment”

An increase in the probability of work abroad, where the returns to schooling are higher than at home, induces more individuals in a developing country to acquire education, which leads to an increase in the supply of educated workers in the domestic labor market. Where there is a sticky wage rate, the demand for labor at home will be constant. With a rising supply and constant demand, the rate of unemployment of educated workers in the domestic labor market will increase. Thus, the prospect of employment abroad causes involuntary “educated unemployment” at home. A government that is concerned about “educated unemployment” and might therefore be expected to encourage unemployed educated people to migrate will nevertheless, under certain conditions, elect to restrict the extent of the migration of educated individuals.     

中国劳动市场一体化测度与利益评估

笔者通过比较劳动生产率和劳动边际产出的地区差异与产业差异,对我国劳动市场一体化程度及其变化趋势进行测度。研究发现改革以来,劳动市场地区分割已明显减弱,但产业分割仍然严重;工业部门存在较高技术门槛和体制门槛,传统服务业是农业劳动力转移的主要渠道。政策模拟显示,劳动市场一体化具有巨大的经济社会利益。     

Effect of goods market segmentation on labor mobility: Evidence from China

This study empirically investigates the effects of goods market segmentation on interregional labor mobility using data from National Population Surveys in China. The findings reveal that a one-standard deviation increase in the goods market segmentation index reduces interprovincial migration by 4.0%. Restraining interregional trade and improving industrial specialization are the two mechanisms at work. Further analysis indicates that the restrictive effect of goods market segmentation is greater on highly educated laborers and the labor flows from poorer to richer regions. The heterogeneous analysis also implies that migrants are more concerned about educational resources and consumption diversity.     

Fiscal adjustment and labor market dynamics in an open economy

This paper studies the labor market effects of fiscal adjustment in a two-sector, three-good intertemporal framework. Key features of the model are an informal sector, minimum wages, unionized labor in the formal economy, imperfect labor mobility, and public production of intermediate inputs. “Luxury” and wait unemployment prevail in equilibrium. It is shown that if unions care sufficiently about employment, and if the degree of openness is high, an increase in the price of government services may reduce unemployment in the steady state. A similar result would hold in an efficiency-wage setting if the “disciplinary effect” of unemployment is sufficiently strong.     

How do Migrants Choose Their Destination Country? An Analysis of Institutional Determinants

We analyze the effects of socio‐economic and institutional determinants, especially labor‐market institutions and features of social protection systems, on migrants’ location choices. Based on micro‐data for France, Germany, the UK, and the USA, we study migration to one of these four countries using a multinomial choice framework. Our estimates confirm conventional results regarding wages, networks, and unemployment rates. In addition, we find that there are indications of “insider–outsider effects” for union coverage and unemployment benefits, while employment protection does not have a clear‐cut impact on migration. Good education and health systems tend to attract migrants, while generous pension systems deter them.     

WELFARE MEASUREMENT,INVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT,AND HETEROGENEITY

This paper concerns welfare measurement in an economy with union wage setting, where the equilibrium is characterized by unemployment. Contrary to results derived in the first best, the current value Hamiltonian is not an exact welfare measure in an economy with unemployment. Instead, the welfare measure also depends on “employment effect,” which are caused by the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market. In addition, since unemployment gives rise to heterogeneity, distributional effects will also characterize the welfare measure.     

我国工资差异变化及影响因素分析——基于家计调查的实证研究

尽管中国在经济转型过程中取得了令世人瞩目的经济增长速度,但随之而来的是不断扩大的工资收入差异和持续扩大的工资收入差距引发了广泛关注.一般认为,工资差距过大对社会公平和正义造成伤害,并直接影响中国经济和社会的可持续发展.基于家计调查数据并使用经济计量模型分析方法,本论文对中国在过去二十年日益增长的工资差距进行实证分析并探讨影响工资差距的主要因素.研究表明,政府对劳动力市场机构特别是工资政策改革是引发工资差距不断扩大的原因之一.本论文指出,劳动力市场机构的变化不是造成工资差异扩大的唯一因素;其它重要因素包括劳动力市场歧视以及制度性障碍,如中国现行的户口政策造成的劳动力市场分割等.本论文还从政策层面对减少工资差异提出建议.     

Economics,Power, and Regulation of Multinational Corporations

Contingent — rather than secure — provisioning is the core of the institutions of capitalism. This differential access to means of life is a method of prodding labor force participation, considered “coercion” by “old” institutional economists and “freedom” by neoliberal thinkers. Status differentials, which are based on pay hierarchies and branded consumer goods, help reinforce the individual competition for differential rewards. Reform would require reconstituting the labor market, as well as financial institutions, and restructuring the rationales for income distribution.     

中国的刘易斯转折点及争议

近年来,“民工荒”和劳动力工资上涨问题引发了关于中国是否已经到达刘易斯转折点的激烈争论。本文对中国刘易斯转折点的争论进行了梳理,并将其总结为四种观点。之所以产生这些分歧,既源于判断标准和依据的差异,也受到了不同统计数据的影响。但是,劳动力工资上涨的同时伴随着农村剩余劳动人口以相当比例存在的这一基本矛盾与刘易斯模型的推论并不相符。本文认为,这个矛盾是由劳动力市场分割所导致的,并且刘易斯模型并未考虑劳动力流动的制度性障碍。因此,不能直接地以经典的刘易斯理论来分析中国经济,而近年来中国劳动力市场的一些新现象亦不能简单地与经典刘易斯理论中的“刘易斯转折点”相对应。需要修正未考虑制度性障碍的二元经济理论,或者消除城乡分割影响以使得中国经验适用于经典理论模型的判断。