中国的地区工业集聚:经济地理、新经济地理与经济政策

本文使用新经济地理学的分析框架讨论了经济地理和经济政策等因素对工业集聚的影响,并利用1987—2001年省级面板数据研究了导致中国地区工业集聚的因素。我们的主要发现是(1)经济开放促进了工业集聚,而经济开放又与地理和历史的因素有关;(2)市场容量、城市化、基础设施的改善和政府作用的弱化也有利于工业集聚;(3)沿海地区具有工业集聚的地理优势。我们的研究为新经济地理学的理论提供了来自于中国的证据,同时也发现,除了经济地理的作用以外,政策也是导致工业集聚的重要因素。     

基于微观异质性的新新经济地理研究

新新贸易理论在我国已经引起了充分注意,但紧随其后产生的新新经济地理却受到忽视,而新新经济地理对空间经济理论的突破是:在规模经济与垄断竞争的框架下,放弃企业或劳动者同质性假定,从微观角度研究产业集聚和地区经济“质”(企业效率)的差异.在理论方面本文将当前研究归结为DS、OTT和BEJK三大分析框架;在实证方面总结了新新经济地理对新经济地理估计偏误的校正.并且展望了新新经济地理与企业理论、人力资本理论、中国转型经济特殊国情相结合的研究方向.     

The core periphery model with asymmetric inter-regional and intra-regional trade costs

We generalize the model of Krugman (J Polit Econ 99(3):483–499, 1991) to allow for asymmetric trade costs between regions and for (asymmetric) trade costs that are internal to the regions. We find that industrial activity, in a region, is enhanced by higher costs of importing and lower costs of exporting (more precisely, by a higher ratio between the two trade costs). This suggests that countries may impose tariffs on imported goods and seek to remove the import tariffs in other countries (unilateral protectionism) in order to foster industrial activity. Industrial activity is also promoted by lower domestic internal trade costs and higher foreign internal trade costs (more precisely, by a lower ratio between the two trade costs).     

城镇的性质:反思与检讨——来自新制度经济学与新经济地理学的理论解读

新制度经济学中的交易费用是分析城镇性质的重要概念,新经济地理学为我们认识城镇的空间区位选择与多重效应集聚提供了新的分析框架。正是由于支撑城镇系统的企业、政府、家庭和其他组织等子系统在追求各主体利益最大化的过程中实现了对交易费用的节约,才导致了城镇系统的发展有其内在根本动力,进而也成为区域自我发展能力提升和城镇化趋势在世界不同区域持续演进的根本原因。     

经济开放对国内劳动力流动影响的新经济地理学解析

本研究在劳动力流动理论的基础上,从新经济地理学角度,阐明了改革开放以后,在中西部经济向东部集聚过程中,经济开放因素对国内劳动力流动的作用,并归纳出三条作用机制:经济开放通过促进区域经济集聚、提高实际工资和增加就业对国内劳动力流动产生作用。运用工具变量2SLS方法并使用中国1990～2005年面板数据对上述三条机制进行了经验检验,结论表明:经济开放对劳动力流动有直接的促进作用,但不太显著,对外贸易的作用大于FDI的作用效果;经济开放通过影响集聚程度、实际工资差距和就业差距来促进劳动力流动的间接影响效果明显,且开放通过影响就业差距而对劳动流动产生的促进作用最大,通过影响实际工资差距的机制次之,通过影响集聚程度的渠道再次。     

产业转移的新经济地理学解释

不同于传统的产业转移理论,新经济地理学在规模报酬和垄断竞争框架下解释了产业转移现象,认为产业转移的基础不必然是第一自然的差异,在完全相同的均质空间下,由于市场接近效应、生活成本效应和市场拥挤效应所构成的集聚力和扩散力的相互作用,产业转移也会发生,并且表现出突发性、自我强化、预期自我实现和价值链环节分离的特性及关联度弱的产业先转移等规律。此外,新经济地理学还运用一般均衡分析方法考察了产业转移的福利效应,包括瓦尔拉斯效应、生产租金和规模区位效应、累积效应以及转移效应,并对影响产业转移的税收优惠竞争、公共基础设施改善和区域补贴等政策措施的效果进行了剖析。     

略论两个空间经济研究范式

自新经济地理革命以来,空间经济日益受到主流经济学界的重视.他们的研究思路可以分为互补的新经济地理与马歇尔外部性分析传统两个类型.新经济地理范式给我们提供了一个将地理空间纳入新古典经济分析的框架,但由于其假设前提比较苛刻而备受指责.从传统的马歇尔外部性分析下进行的研究,虽然受到广大学者的青睐,却缺乏一个相对统一的分析框架.近年来的研究尝试表明,这两个范式正呈现出不断融合的新趋势.     

研发产业集聚与扩散——基于新经济地理学与深圳案例的分析

研发产业的空间集散与一般产业相比既有共性又有区别,对城市和区域的产业选择及定位具有特殊意义,值得关注和研究。基于新经济地理学框架和深圳案例的分析表明,规模报酬、要素成本及交易费用是研发产业集散的内在动因,中心与外围的联系互动是其与制造业及其他产业之间关系的空间形态,其产业扩散具备特殊的内部、外部路径。据此,研发业者、中心城市和周边区域可分别采取相应的产业攻略并加强发展互动。     

Agglomeration economies and clustering – evidence from German and European firms

This article empirically analyses the impact of agglomeration economies on the clustering of German and European firms using partial proportional-odds models. Firms are grouped according to industry and divided into departments. At the industry level, I find evidence for inter-industry economies derived from the New Economic Geography (NEG) framework for European firms in general and German knowledge-intensive firms in particular. At the department level, Marshallian Externalities such as the hiring of skilled labour and technological spillover, and therefore intra-industry economies, are empirically confirmed for European and German departments like Human Resources and R&D but rarely for others.     

Why firm size matters: investigating the drivers of innovation and economic performance in New Zealand using the Business Operations Survey

The performance of the New Zealand (NZ) economy is something of an enigma. Although ranked one (of 144 countries) for four important ‘growth fundamentals’ NZ is ‘middle of the pack’ when it comes to economic growth, productivity and process innovation. Using four iterations (2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011) of the Business Operations Survey, this research seeks to shed some new light on this conundrum by using a multivariate probit regression (mvprobit) approach applied to pooled samples in excess of 22,000 unit record observations of NZ firms. The results suggest that factors including firm size, high perceived quality, investment/research and development (R&D) capability, major technology change, application of formal IP protection and new export markets are systematically and positively related to innovation; while many external issues, such as those related to geography, market structure, business environment, have little influence. At the firm level, innovations in NZ are highly dependent on the firms’ internal ability to develop new technologies and market demand. The (very small) size of firms does matter in NZ, which lacks a major ‘home market’ or a major trade block on its doorstep, such that ultimately, government may need to be involved to maintain a viable scale for domestic R&D.     

The economics of New Labour: policy and performance

This paper reviews the foundations of New Labour's economicpolicies and the performance of the economy since 1997. It arguesthat New Labour's policies have evolved from Thatcherism andthat it has largely embraced the tenets of neo-liberalism. NewLabour has rejected most aspects of Keynesianism and its policieshave eschewed the use of active demand management policies.But it has been the high levels of demand—in particularconsumption expenditure—that have driven economic growthin the UK and which have ensured that (as yet) New Labour hasnot faced the problems of dealing with a major economic downturn.     

新结构经济学为经济发展开出正确药方了吗？——一个主体分析和过程视角的考察

经济持续发展历来是各个国家追求的主要目标之一,其中围绕政府干预以及如何消除这一外生变量成为经济增长和发展理论的焦点。认为不应再执著于政府是否应当发挥作用,而应沿着另一个方向,即政府在经济发展过程发挥何种作用,以及如何发挥作用进行探索。新结构经济学即是在此思路下,从比较优势和产业结构变迁的微观角度提供了一种经济动态发展的分析框架,并为政府干预制订了增长甄别和因势利导的可操作性步骤。但从主体分析和过程视角出发,新结构经济学仍然面临将政府变量内生化的困境。     

The long term impact of economic development in developed countries on developing countries since 1820

The linkages between the economic development of developed and developing countries are analyzed historically. The analysis is divided into epochs, distinguished by global trade regimes and by common characteristics of long term economic growth. The break throughs in long distance transport technology which occured during the industrial revolution created a global economy in which the rythm of economic activity in developing economies became linked to that of developed economies. The major transmission mechanisms were international trade, international migration and international capital flows. Exports were the main engine of growth in developing countries. But the effects of export expansion varied across countries. The speed of transmission of the industrial revolution to developing countries depended on their institutional readiness; countries with most developed capitalist institutions in factor markets were the first to develop. The extent of diffusion of the benefits of growth from export expansion within developing countries also depended on the nature of their institutions, both economic and political. Finally, policies with respect to international trade, investment and agriculture were also critical to the speed and diffusion of economic development.The research underlying this paper is the result of a twentyfive year collaboration with Professor Cynthia Taft Morris. She is indebted to the World Bank for financing the research in this paper as part of the background studies for the World Development Report 1991. She is also indebted to Sherman Robinson for his comments.     

经济发展的基本因素:一个文献综述

本文对经济发展与增长的基本因素的四种看法或假说进行了回顾与梳理,包括运气(多重均衡)假说、文化与宗教信仰假说、地理与疾病假说以及制度和政策假说。这四种因素都会通过影响资本积累和技术进步等直接因素,从而影响经济发展与增长。然而,运气、文化和地理都不足以产生持续和巨大的人均收入的跨国差异,无法解释世界各国经济发展的历史。相反,制度和政策假说能很好地解释各国人均收入差异以及1500年以来世界财富的逆转。越来越多的经济学家相信,制度和政策是经济发展与增长的主要的基本因素。本文把重点放在有关制度和政策作为经济发展的根本原因的文献上,总结了有关经济制度和政治制度内生的文献,并进行了结论性述评。     

中国经济波动——基于新凯恩斯主义垄断竞争模型的分析

本文运用新凯恩斯主义垄断竞争模型来研究中国经济波动问题。模型校准的结果表明,就暂时冲击而言,消费偏好冲击、投资边际效率冲击、技术冲击、名义货币供给增长冲击和政府支出冲击都能产生明显的暂时经济波动;就冲击的持久性而言,只有消费偏好冲击和技术冲击的持久性对经济波动变化具有较明显的影响。但技术冲击对产出波动的影响不如RBC类模型那样大,而持久的正向消费偏好冲击对稳定经济增长非常重要。     

国内区域协调发展状况定量评价研究综述

通过对国内区域协调发展定量研究的相关论文进行梳理,本文认为相关研究遵循指标选择-模型设定-权重设定的研究范式.在此框架下,本文对学者针对区域协调发展在概念理解、研究目标、方法设计及情境选择等方面的研究进行对照和总结,指出国内学者针对该主题的研究呈现出较强的演化特征,研究维度向多维化、深入化演进,研究指标向全面化、综合化演进,研究方法向客观化、科学化演进.同时本文还认为对区域协调发展状况的定量研究尚存在一定的难点,主要表现在:缺少对模型效度的检验;定量评价过多注重方法,忽略方法为区域建设服务的理念;数据采集的困难导致模型为数据服务,从而对真实情况反映不完整.在此基础上,本文最后提出了未来的研究方向.     

知识经济与中国经济增长方式的战略性转变

本文依据中国经济发展面临的问题与世界经济结构调整现状,分析了科技进步、知识经济对经济增长的作用和影响,阐释了知识经济作为推动经济增长方式转变新要素的重要地位,进而探讨了面向知识经济时代的经济增长结构的战略性调整等问题。     

现今中国区域发展值得关注的问题及其经济地理阐释

文章根据韩国前中央政府高级咨询顾问就中国区域发展问题对本刊主编访谈的记录成稿。访谈反映出以下中国区域发展问题受到关注：①中国空间管制的走向、问题与主体功能区规划;②合理城市化与如何加快贫困地区发展问题;③区域均衡发展与基本公共服务均等化;④国家的区域战略（规划）制定、实施和对外开放;⑤国家竞争力问题。访谈给出了经济地理的研究看法和初步阐释,对加强中国区域发展问题研究、推动经济地理学学科建设具有一定的启发和参考作用。