自然资源价值核算的理论与方法探讨

自然资源价值核算是可持续发展的核心内容之一,也是学术界共同关心的问题。本文阐述了自然资源价值核算的必要性及理论基础,提出自然资源价值核算的几种方法,并对其进行分析和评述。     

自然资源资产价值核算理论与实践——基于马克思主义价值论的延伸

目前,国内尚未建立成熟统一的自然资源资产价值核算体系,更没有把自然资源资产的经济价值和生态价值进行统筹核算,其根源在于缺少自然资源资产价值核算的理论依据及指导标准。鉴于此,文章首先对自然资源资产的概念进行了辨析,在此基础上对自然资源资产价值进行了分类,并分别讨论了每类自然资源资产价值核算的理论依据。然后,给出了自然资源资产价值核算的思路和具体范围。最后,提出了自然资源资产价值统筹核算的路径和建议。通过研究得出自然资源资产价值核算要明确区分不同的自然资源资产价值类型,不同的自然资源资产价值类型对应不同的价值核算理论基础,其相应的核算内容、范围和方法也不相同。     

自然资源价值辨析

在社会经济生活中，由于自然资源的稀缺性，导致了再生产资源要素问题，从而形成自然资源的价值决定问题。自然价值论、稀缺性价值论、供求结合价值论等都不能说明自然资源的价值实体，作为生产关系的价值并不是主体和客体、人和自然、供给和需求的关系，而是人和人的关系。学术界认为“否定自然资源价值的理论依据是劳动价值论”的观点是错误的。依据马克思、恩格斯始终坚持的“价值是生产费用对效用的关系”的理论，自然资源是有价值的，其价值是在现有生产条件下，再生产资源而消耗的人类劳动决定的。     

自然资源的价值确定与实现

从自然资源可持续发展出发,科学地界定了自然资源的概念,论述了自然资源价值、自然资源资产价值与自然资产品价值的区别与联系,并指出三者如何影响收入分配,同时研究了三者的计量问题及自然资源价值实现的不同途径。     

自然资源成本核算模型与价值计量研究——以内蒙古为例

构建自然资源成本核算体系,探究自然资源成本耗减对经济发展的影响,对完善国民经济核算系统具有重大意义.本文基于矿产、土地、森林与水资源的成本核算,创建了具有针对自然资源特点的自然资源成本核算模型,归纳总结了自然资源成本核算的相关内容与方法.     

对环境与自然资源核算的认识

国内外探讨的环境与自然资源的各种核算方法各有优缺点,应有选择地使用。我国开展环境与自然资源核算工作必须着力几方面：一是建立环境与自然资源核算统计制度;二是系统研究环境与自然资源核算的理论与方法;三是动员各方力量共同研究环境与自然资源核算工作。     

论自然资源价值及价值管理

本文从柯布—道格拉斯函数和索洛经济增长模型出发,在对自然资源价值论进行系统分析的基础上,提出建立公有产权和私有产权并存的混合所有权结构并理顺自然资源产权关系;完善自然资源价值管理的准市场机制;科学合理地进行自然资源价值评价、完善自然资源的会计核算等适应可持续发展的自然资源价值管理对策和建议。     

论自然资源的价值

本文在比较了已有的几种自然资源价值观后,认为自然资源的价值问题应该从社会生态经济再生产的角度,应用马克思主义的再生产劳动价值理论来研究。自然资源的价值是由再生产其使用价值所必需的社会必要劳动时间决定的。     

自然资源价值计量初探

本文在《现代经济探讨》2001年第6期张光文副教授一文基础上,对建立我国自然资源价格体系的核心问题———价值计量作了模型方法上的初步探讨。     

自然资源价值探讨

目前国内外尚未建立成熟的自然资源价值理论,这对于定量化研究自然资源价值和价格造成了严重的阻碍。本文在深入分析马克思劳动价值论和西方边际效用价值论的基础上,借鉴价值哲学中关于价值本质的定义,从价值哲学的角度对边际效用价值论进行修正,认为马克思的劳动价值论和修正后的边际效用价值论都是自然资源价值的理论基础,并在此基础上进一步界定了自然资源的价值构成。     

From natural resources and environmental accounting to construction of indicators for sustainable development

Norway has a long history in trying to develop management tools for sustainable development. From the early development of natural resources accounts in the 1980s, through discussions of the usefulness of indices like “green GDP” to efforts of developing sustainable development indicators, experiences have been gained. The paper seeks to both describe the landscape and discussions associated with the key terms, and to communicate some lessons drawn from the Norwegian experiences. The conclusion focuses on the fact that whatever information is collected and organised to support the relevant decision-making processes, the final outcome should always be judged in terms of its impacts on policy processes. Thus, we issue a warning against large-scale development of information systems, without due regard to the final utilisation of the output.     

Natural resource accounting for Indian states — Illustrating the case of forest resources

Our main objective is to set out and apply a SEEA-based methodology to reflect the true value of forest resources in India's national and state accounts. We establish that a “top-down” approach using available national databases is both feasible and desirable from a policy perspective. In this paper, we address four components of value creation in forests: timber production, carbon storage, fuelwood usage, and the harvesting of non-timber forest products. The results of our analysis suggest that prevailing measures of national income in India underestimate the contribution of forests to income. The income accounts of the Northeastern states in particular are significantly understated by these traditional (GDP/GSDP) measures. We are also able to identify some states which performed poorly in the context of our sustainability framework, reflecting natural capital losses due to degradation and deforestation. Our results highlight the need to integrate natural resource accounting into the national accounting framework in order to generate appropriate signals for sustainable forest management and for the conservation of forest resources which are widely used by the poor in India, as well as being significant stores of national wealth.     

The value relevance of brand valuation

The reports published by independent parties are often used to provide an estimation of brands due to the lack of literature and best practices regarding which brand valuation method is more value relevant and reliable than another. Over the last several years, brand valuation debate is growing in importance because of the need to provide a value of intangibles for different purposes. The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, we aim to understand whether brand valuation related to listed companies provided by three independent agencies is value relevant and therefore whether these brand valuations are taken into consideration by investors in their decision-making process. Second, we assess which of the three methods reflects the stock markets in a better way. We analyse a sample of 71 brands valuated by Interbrand, Brand Finance and BrandZ from 2013 to 2015. The results show that brand valuation provided by the independent agencies is value relevant; in addition, they reveal that the Brand Finance method, based on the royalty relief approach, is more value relevant than the others. This study contributes to the extant literature on value relevance by providing evidence on the impact of stock prices of brand agencies’ valuation.     

Anomalies and Stated Preference Techniques: A Framework for a Discussion of Coping Strategies

This paper introduces a symposium on the issue of how stated preference (SP) research can best cope with ‘anomalies’ (i.e. systematic deviations from the predictions of standard economic theory) in survey responses. It proposes a framework for constructive debate, recognising (i) the legitimate aspirations of SP research, (ii) the relevance of evidence from sources other than best-practice SP, and (iii) the precautionary value of investigating strategies for coping with suspected anomalies, even if questions about the robustness of anomalies have not been finally resolved. Five alternative coping strategies, discussed in more detail in the symposium, are briefly introduced. JEL classifications: D61, D63, Q51     

Repeated Dichotomous Choice Formats for Elicitation of Willingness to Pay: Simultaneous Estimation and Anchoring Effect

Repeated dichotomous choice contingent valuation data are generated from responses to a succession of binary questions regarding alternative prices for an environmental good. In this paper we propose a simultaneous equation model that allows for endogeneity and error correlation across the responses at each stage of the bidding process. The model allows us to study the evolution of anchoring effects after the second dichotomous choice question. Estimation involves the Bayesian techniques of Gibbs sampling and data augmentation, and the application focuses on the preservation value of a natural area. The results for a data set involving up to four successive dichotomous choice questions show that restricted multiple-bounded models are rejected by the data with the general model. In addition, willingness to pay tends to stabilize after the second stage in the elicitation process for the general unrestricted model. When taking anchoring effects into consideration, it is revealed that individuals’ responses in the latter stages are influenced by the sequence of bid prices offered in earlier questions. Nevertheless, they do not have a significant effect on welfare estimates.      

The Effect of Protest Votes on the Estimates of WTP for Use Values of Recreational Sites

Contingent valuation studies are often characterized by a considerable number of protest responses, which may cause selectivity bias on the final estimates for WTP. Sample selection models can detect and – if necessary – correct selectivity bias. In economic applications where the relevant dependent variable is continuous, sample selection models are generally estimated using Heckman's 2-step method rather than the FIML estimator. Either method has its own drawback: computational complexity for the FIML method, susceptibility to collinearity problems for the 2-step method. Using data on valuation of forest resources for recreational use, we analyse the performance of the two estimators. In this application, given the presence of some collinearity, the FIML is preferred to the 2-step method. A procedure is outlined to deal with selectivity problems in similar settings.     

Economic evaluation of healthcare technology improving the quality of social life: the case of assistive technology for the disabled and elderly

Public investments in healthcare technology for the disabled and elderly to improve the quality of social life have been vigorous, but the economic evaluation of the assistive technology is still lacking. Under this circumstance, the purpose of this study is to analyse the socio-economic value of developing assistive technologies with the potential to improve the quality of social life, especially for disabled and elderly individuals. Based on a survey of 400 respondents, the spike model, a special form of the contingent valuation method (CVM) is applied to assess the value of assistive technologies. In Korea, a household’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the development of assistive technologies is US$4.26 per year, on average, in the form of a government-levied tax; although many people express zero WTP for the development of these technologies, people with higher household savings, higher levels of education and higher levels of charity donations have a higher WTP for the development of assistive technology. We conclude that although assistive technologies have considerable economic value many people express zero WTP for the development of these technologies. Therefore, political and social educational efforts are necessary to reach social consensus on the government investment in such technologies.     

Soviet methodology for the valuation of natural resources

The article discusses recent changes in the methodology for valuing natural-resource products and resource deposits in the Soviet Union and discusses the probable efficiency consequences of the changes. It concludes that improved methods for monitoring and policing stock draw-down and the imposition of efficiency rents are equally important as potential sources of improved use of natural-resource stocks.     

论会计信息质量的重要性

会计信息是决策者进行决策的重要依据之一,因此,会计信息最基本的质量特征就是决策有用性,会计信息的质量直接关系到决策者的决策及其后果,会计信息的真实性和可靠性是保证信息使用者作出正确决策的基本前提和条件.     

Theory and practice of value management and its innovation for natural resources from the perspective of sustainable development

The supreme obstacle for sustainable development of natural resources is the scarecity, bottleneck. So how to promote the sustainable utilizing and increase the using efficiency of natural resources is worth studying. This paper suggests that we should improve the model and means of evaluating method and value management based on th~ theory of natural resource compensation. This paper discusses the User Cost Method based on the microeeonomicaspect which can change the evaluating method for natural resources. From the perspective of value managemen model, we should use the User Cost Method to realize the linkage and integration of micro and macro eompensation for natural resources. Based on the evaluating and aecounting idea User Cost Method, this paper presents a theo. retical framework to harmonize and link micro and macro compensation for natural resources. At present, we should seek the new approach and method to manage natural resources, so can we realize the capitalization managemen focusing on the vahte management for natural resources.