美国技术性贸易措施如何影响中国企业出口

本文利用中国海关进出口数据库和WTO特别贸易通报数据库，基于异质性理论建立多维度固定效应的线性概率模型，考察美国技术性贸易措施对中国企业出口决策和企业出口贸易额的影响。研究发现：第一，美国实施的技术性贸易措施对中国出口决策和出口贸易额的负面影响范围广、程度深，通过划分出口产品结构与企业产权性质，本文进一步发现高技术产品和私营企业受到的负面影响较大；第二，异质性企业理论成立，且美国实施的技术性贸易措施对中国企业不存在歧视。基于此，本文提出中国应利用制造业升级及自贸区战略的契机，努力缩小与美国的标准差距，并合理有效利用技术性贸易措施，保护本国的相关产业。     

当前我国农产品出口遭受的技术性贸易措施及突破策略

自全球金融危机爆发以来,我国农产品出口遭遇到前所未有的贸易壁垒,其中技术性贸易措施已成为制约我国农产品出口的最大障碍。本文从技术性贸易措施的含义入手,分析了我国农产品出口遭受的主要技术性贸易措施及原因,最后结合实际提出了农产品出口突破技术性贸易措施的策略建议。     

当前我国农产品出口遭受的技术性贸易措施及突破策略

自全球金融危机爆发以来,我国农产品出口遭遇到前所来有的贸易壁垒,其中技术性贸易措施巳成为制约我国农产品出口的最大障碍.本文从技术性贸易措施的含义入手,分析了我国农产品出口遭受的主要技术性贸易措施及原因,最后结合实际提出了农产品出口突破技术性贸易措施的策略建议.     

贸易壁垒 倒逼浙企

浙江省作为外贸出口大省，2009年和2010年的出口额分别达到1330．1亿美元和1804．8亿美元，而由于出口受阻损失额每年超过20亿美元。针对发达国家的技术性贸易措施内容上的复杂性和发展上的动态性，有必要进行适时跟踪、研究与分析，为出口企业提供应对国外技术壁垒的手段，从而提高企业的出口竞争力。同时，我们也应该认识到技术性贸易措施是市场倒逼机制一种重要形式，对我省企业在科技发展、标准采标、提升产品质量等方面都具有积极推动作用。     

新贸易保护主义壁垒视野下中小出口企业实证分析

金融危机下的中国已成为新贸易保护主义的最大受害者,我国多年来一直是全世界遭受贸易摩擦最多的国家之一。2008年我国有36%的出口企业受到国外技术性贸易措施的影响,全年贸易直接损失达505亿美元,且中小企业受到新贸易保护主义措施制裁的数量呈现逐年上升的趋势。本章通过实地调研提炼资料,对5家中小出口企业进行深入调查,以浙江嘉善县中小木业出口企业遭受新贸易保护主义壁垒作为数据样本,分析新贸易保护主义措施壁垒对中小出口企业的影响,并试图找出理论影响和实际遭受影响的相同点和不同点。     

美国贸易壁垒浅析

作为世界经济与贸易大国，美国在倡导贸易投资自由化、相对开放本国市场的同时，实施一整套严格的旨在保护本国企业利益的进口管理体制和相关贸易投资措施，涉及关税、非关税措施、技术性贸易壁垒、服务贸易、知识产权等诸多领域。对美国贸易壁垒的研究有助于我辩证地把握全球化趋势，应对加入世界贸易组织的挑战，扩大机遇。     

技术性贸易壁垒与异质性企业出口行为：退出还是升级？

基于Lawless建立的跨国企业与生产成本均衡模型,分析技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)对异质性企业出口行为的影响,并运用双重差分法进行实证检验后发现:TBT会迫使低生产率企业出口产品退出发起国市场,同时也会倒逼高生产率企业提高对发起国的出口产品质量.通过进一步研究发现,不同TBT发起国中,美国设置的技术壁垒更高;不同所有制出口企业中,私营企业遭受TBT带来的负面影响更大.研究结论明确了TBT对异质性企业出口行为影响的差异性,对于正确认识TBT的贸易效应以及制定相关应对措施具有重要的启示意义.     

国外农产品技术性贸易壁垒实施状况及影响分析

国际农产品市场上,各国技术性贸易壁垒持续增加,进口检验检疫要求、农药残留限量标准等技术性贸易措施不断变化更新,能否迅速准确地掌握信息已经成为扩大农产品出口的关键。欧盟、日本、韩国是中国农产品出口的主要市场;美国、澳大利亚、新西兰是农产品的大国和强国,在国际农产品技术性贸易措施实施领域处于领先地位。加强对这些国家实施农产品技术性贸易措施情况的分析,有利于我们及时准确地掌握国际技术性措施发展动态,加强应对工作的针对性与效果。     

知识产权壁垒对广东省机电产品出口的影响与对策研究

随着贸易摩擦的越演越烈,大家都对传统的关税和典型的非关税措施比较关心,但是随着贸易的谈判持续进行,以关税和典型的非关税措施将趋向弱化,而更加隐蔽的技术性贸易壁垒更应该引起重视,文章选取了对广东省机电产品出口影响比较显著的知识产权壁垒作为研究对象,主要对广东省机电产品出口的现状以及广东省机电产品出口遭遇知识产权壁垒的现状,在对相关数据进行收集、加工与整理的基础上,运用定性与定量的经济分析方法,分别分析了知识产权壁垒对广东省机电产品出口的影响,通过将定性分析的结论与定量分析的结论进行综合分析与对比,在此基础上提出了广东省机电产品出口突破知识产权贸易壁垒的对策,例如,深度拓展"一带一路"沿线国家市场、树立知识产权意识,加强对技术性贸易壁垒新特征的认识、加大有针对性的研发投入,实现技术创新,突破知识产权壁垒等措施,目的是促进广东省机电产品出口的健康与快速发展,促进广东省制造业产业升级,增强制造业核心竞争力。     

温州眼镜业应对技术性贸易壁垒的对策研究

随着国际贸易竞争越来越激烈,各国纷纷采取技术性贸易壁垒作为提高竞争、扩大出口、保护本国贸易的手段.目前技术性贸易壁垒已经对温州眼镜的出口造成了严重危害,因此,了解技术性贸易壁垒,分析我国产品出口贸易中面临的主要技术性贸易壁垒及屡遭技术性贸易壁垒限制的原因迫在眉睫.本文以温州眼镜企业出口这几年屡遭国外技术性贸易壁垒限制的实例为依据,探讨其原因,并提出了一些应对措施.     

International trade agreements, environmental policy, and relocation of production

This paper studies the influence of free trade agreements on national environmental policies and location strategies of polluting firms. It is shown that banning export subsidies makes relocation of production more attractive for firms. When export subsidies are banned relocation is profitable because: (1) the rival firm reduces output due to more stringent emission regulation in the host country of the investment and (2) relocation leads to lower emission tax rate in the original home country of the investing firm. When export subsidies are used, the first effect is absent because the host government is able to use the export subsidy to compensate the negative effect of more stringent emission taxation on domestic shareholders.     

对外贸易开放、人力资本积累与企业技术创新

企业技术创新作为科技创新的核心部分,在促进经济高质量发展中的重要性日益凸显。通过构建一个包含消费部门和生产部门的两部门模型,探究对外贸易开放及其人力资本积累效应对企业技术创新的影响机制,随后基于2011-2017年中国31个省级区域的面板数据实证检验对外贸易开放、人力资本积累及二者的交互作用对企业技术创新的影响。结果显示:从整体层面来看,对外贸易开放不仅对企业技术创新产生直接影响,还会通过人力资本积累效应对企业技术创新产生间接影响;从区域异质性角度来看,贸易开放对企业技术创新产生的直接影响和间接影响存在着空间上的非均衡特征,表现为对发达的东部地区的企业影响更为明显,而对欠发达的西部和中部地区的企业影响相对较弱;从对外贸易方式来看,全样本分析表明出口贸易方式的人力资本积累效应对企业技术创新影响作用较强,而进口贸易方式的作用相对较弱。因此,应当注重不同贸易发展方式的人力资本积累效应差异及其对企业技术创新产生的影响,增强我国通过企业技术创新促进经济高质量发展的实效。     

信贷融资对异质性企业出口参与的影响* ——基于商业信贷和银行信贷角度的理论和实证分析

本文在新新贸易理论框架下，基于商业信贷和银行信贷的综合视角，系统研究了信贷融资对异质性企业出口参与的影响。本文重点围绕商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用展开分析，从企业层面为中国出口增长“奇迹”提供来自金融视角的证据。本文在异质企业出口模型中引入商业信贷和银行信贷，论证商业信贷和银行信贷通过缓解出口成本融资约束影响企业出口参与，并运用中国制造业企业和IVprobit估计方法进行实证检验。本文发现：（1）改善商业信贷和银行信贷融资状况会提高企业出口概率；（2）商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用有利于企业参与出口；（3）商业信贷对企业出口参与的作用不受企业所有制、企业规模、行业竞争性和企业出口固定成本差异的影响，银行信贷的作用则受上述差异的影响，商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用受企业所有制和企业规模差异的影响。因此，发展信贷融资、建立商业信贷和银行信贷的互融互通机制，是加快中国出口增长的重要举措。     

Innovation,productivity and exports: the case of Hungary

This paper estimates the relationship between innovation and firm performance by using Community Innovation Survey data for Hungary. It exploits the possibility of linking the innovation data to ownership and disaggregated trade data. Innovative firms are more productive, more likely to trade and export more products to more countries. We also test for differences in innovative behaviour in high- and low-tech industries, and study whether domestic and foreign firms differ in this respect.     

Firm exit,technological progress and trade

The dynamics of export market exit and firm closure have found limited attention in the new heterogeneous-firms trade literature. In fact, several of the predictions on firm survival and exit stemming from this new class of models are at odds with the stylized facts. Empirically, higher productivity firms survive longer, most firm closures are young firms, higher productivity exporters are more likely to continue to export compared to less productive exporters and market exits as well as firm closures are typically preceded by periods of contracting market shares. The present paper shows that the simple inclusion of exogenous economy wide technological progress into the standard Melitz (2003) model generates a tractable dynamic framework that generates endogenous exit decisions of firms in line with the stylized facts. Furthermore, we derive the effects of faster technological progress and trade liberalization on export market exit and firm closure.     

When do thick venture capital markets foster innovation? An evolutionary analysis

In this paper, we examine the trade off between different effects of the availability of venture capital on the speed of technological progress in an industry. We consider an evolutionary industry simulation model based on Nelson and Winter (1982), in which R&D efforts of an incumbent firm generate technological know-how embodied in key R&D employees, who might use this know-how to found a spinoff of the incumbent. Venture capital is needed to finance a spinoff, so that the expected profits from founding a spinoff depend on how easily venture capital can be acquired. Accordingly, thick venture capital markets might have two opposing effects. First, incentives of firms to invest in R&D might be reduced and, second, if spinoff formation results in technological spillovers between the parent firm and the spinoffs, the generation of spinoff firms might positively influence the future efficiency of the incumbent’s innovation efforts. We study the manner in which this tradeoff influences the effect of venture capital on innovation expenditures, speed of technological change and evolution of industry concentration in several scenarios with different industry characteristics.     

Do standards improve the quality of traded products?

We examine whether standards raise the quality of traded products. Matching a panel of French firm–product–destination export data with a data set on sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade, we find that such quality standards enforced on products by destination countries: (i) favour the export probability of high-quality firms provided that their productivity is high enough, (ii) raise the export sales of high-productivity, high-quality firms at the expense of low-productivity and low-quality firms and (iii) increase the quality supplied by firms if their productivity is high enough. We then develop a simple new trade model under uncertainty about product quality in which heterogeneous firms can strategically invest in quality signalling to rationalize these empirical results on quality and selection effects.     

Trade Liberalization and Heterogeneous Technology Investments

We propose a trade model where heterogeneous firms decide on a productivity‐enhancing technology investment. The model analyzes the impact of multilateral trade liberalization on firm‐ and industry‐level productivity. Freer trade increases the incentives to invest in technology by raising export profits. It also dampens these incentives, however, as profits stemming from domestic sales are reduced. Only exporters benefit from the former positive effect. The shape of the distribution of efficiency draws, the level of trade costs and the technology intensity of the industry are key elements removing the ambiguities regarding the net impact of trade liberalization.     

Trade Policy and Productivity Growth in OECD Manufacturing *

Trade liberalization may promote economic growth in a number of ways, including by accelerating the rate of technological change. Firms that face more intense import competition may be spurred to greater rates of innovation; firms which export may absorb new technologies through their contact with international markets. This paper examines evidence on trade policy and productivity growth for a sample of thirteen OECD countries and including eighteen manufacturing sectors, using data primarily from the 1980s. Within individual sectors, there are strong productivity convergence effects within the OECD. After controlling for convergence, we find a positive association between high rates of productivity growth and low tariffs, and between high productivity growth and strong export performance. We found no particular association between high productivity growth and import penetration. The results are consistent with the possibility of positive linkages between trade liberalization and accelerated productivity growth. [F1, O4]     

Employment Protection Versus Flexicurity: On Technology Adoption in Unionised Firms*

We analyse how different labour‐market institutions – employment protection versus ‘flexicurity’– affect technology adoption in unionised firms. We consider trade unions’ incentives to oppose or endorse labour‐saving technology and firms’ incentives to invest in such technology. Increased flexicurity – interpreted as less employment protection and a higher reservation wage for workers – unambiguously increases firms’ incentives for technology adoption. If unions have some direct influence on technology, a higher reservation wage also makes unions more willing to accept technological change. Less employment protection has the opposite effect, as this increases the downside (job losses) of labour‐saving technology.