外商直接投资对中国双边服务贸易流量的影响研究——基于服务贸易引力模型的实证分析

基于扩展的引力模型,笔者利用中国与19个OECD国家和地区的2000年～2008年双边服务贸易和外商直接投资的面板数据,实证研究了中国吸引外资对服务贸易进出口的影响。结果显示:贸易伙伴国对中国的直接投资在一定程度上促进了服务贸易的发展,FDI存量对于服务贸易的促进作用大于FDI流量的促进作用,投资对于服务的进口引致效应大于对服务的出口创造效应。贸易伙伴国的经济发展规模、货物贸易是双边服务贸易流量的促进因素,东道国的服务贸易开放度与其服务出口成正比,相对距离则构成了双方服务贸易的阻力因素。     

中美经贸的真正差额——基于货物贸易、服务贸易、双向投资全口径的分析

本文从中美货物贸易的现状入手,对中国和美国双边的货物贸易、服务贸易、直接投资等综合经贸关系进行研究,考虑到金融危机对贸易和投资数据的影响,文章实证部分以1986—2007年数据为样本,采用协整分析、误差修正模型(ECM)和格兰杰检验等计量方法,对外商对华直接投资(FDI)、美商对华直接投资(AFDI)的流量和存量与中美货物贸易进出口之间的关系分别进行计量实证。结果显示:中国虽然是美国货物贸易的巨额顺差国,但美国在服务贸易、对华投资等方面都具有绝对优势,且中国对美货物进口的减少很大程度上是美商对华直接投资增加的结果。因此,在中美双边经贸关系中,双方利益不仅在货物贸易,而且在双向投资、服务贸易等经济领域,赢利更多的是美国。     

贸易开放中的动态空间第三方效应研究——基于CAFTA视角

本文采用1994-2011年中国与东盟10国的面板数据,通过构造CAI指数和RCA指数,并运用动态空间Durbin面板计量方法,全面分析了中国和东盟各国的货物与服务贸易国际竞争力现状,以及贸易开放对中国—东盟自贸区各成员经济增长的影响程度和产生"第三方效应"的传导机理。实证检验结果表明:(1)无论是在货物贸易还是服务贸易国际综合竞争力方面,中国与其他东盟10国相比并不具有明显的竞争力优势;(2)货物贸易开放的"第三方效应"对经济增长的促进作用已经在很大程度上得到发挥,其进一步开放对经济的促进作用已经十分有限;(3)服务贸易开放的"第三方效应"对经济增长的促进作用是一种非线性的U型关系,进一步的服务贸易开放能够提高各国服务贸易的国际竞争力,从而促进经济的持续增长。本文的实证结论为中国在CAFTA框架下制定贸易开放政策以促进我国国家竞争力的提升,从而实现不同产业均衡发展提供了较强的政策启示。     

区域服务贸易自由化发展的GATS+特征分析

通过对一系列区域服务贸易安排文献进行分析考证,笔者认为区域服务贸易安排在规则设计和体系架构上对多边服务贸易安排做出了明显改进,区域服务贸易自由化机制所具备的"GATS+"特征突出表现在5个方面:(1)设立服务贸易紧急保障机制;(2)争端解决机制更具约束力;(3)引入严格甚至激进的透明度义务;(4)增加服务贸易政府采购条款;(5)强化贸易政策审议机制。     

文化货物贸易与文化服务贸易决定因素差异的实证研究

因文化货物贸易与文化服务贸易具备不同特性及两者之间存在着替代性,从而导致两者在一国贸易中的国际竞争力表现有所不同。笔者借助加拿大颁布的文化贸易统计数据,分别对文化货物贸易与文化服务贸易的决定因素进行了考察,结果表明:经济规模与人口变量对上述两类贸易的影响基本是相反的;地理距离对两类贸易都形成了贸易成本,但对文化服务贸易所形成的贸易成本更大;文化距离对两类贸易的进、出口影响是不一致的;双边信息网络覆盖程度对双边文化货物进、出口有促进作用,但对双边文化服务贸易并无明显影响。     

FTAs对成员国贸易流量和贸易模式的影响——基于机电产品行业的实证研究

本文采用细分到HS-6位数产品层面的CEPII数据库中机电产品的贸易数据,通过实证研究分析了中国与19个国家FTA的建立对双边贸易流量和贸易模式的影响。为了使计量结果更精确及更好地衡量全球生产网络,本文对贸易引力模型进行了拓展,并采用随机效应和固定效应消除个体层面的异质性偏差。实证研究发现,FTAs的建立不仅能促进双边机电产品贸易流量的增长,而且对机电产品产业内贸易的发展也有积极的推动作用。因此,中国应继续实施自贸区战略并逐步扩大区域经济合作范围,在全球化生产中重新定位发展自身比较优势,进一步增强区域经济合作所带来的福利效应。     

中国货物贸易与服务贸易互动效果研究

就目前世界贸易形势来看,虽然服务贸易的相对份额不断提高,但货物贸易仍居主导地位。因此,货物贸易仍在世界贸易进出口结构中占据重要地位。与此同时,伴随着全球产业结构的服务化趋向及服务贸易的自由化制度安排,国际服务贸易增长态势比较强大。因此,对于正在转变经济增长方式的中国来说,研究货物贸易与服务贸易之间的互动关系具有重大现实意义。     

基于技术溢出效应的国际贸易结构对我国专利数量的影响分析

实证分析国际货物贸易和国际服务贸易对我国专利数量的影响,货物贸易和服务贸易对国内专利数量均有正面影响,其中货物贸易对专利的弹性系数为0.23,服务贸易的弹性系数仅为0.02,远小于货物贸易。货物贸易中按贸易方式分类的加工贸易对专利影响显著为正,弹性系数为0.73,比一般贸易对专利的正面影响大。按商品结构分类的高技术产品对专利有显著正面效应,其弹性系数为0.33;其中对专利中的外设设计溢出效应最大,其弹性系数为1.15;而工业制成品和初级产品的影响均不显著。     

台湾服务贸易竞争力及影响因素实证研究

本文分析了台湾服务贸易发展的态势和格局,测算了台湾服务贸易国际市场占有率(MS)和服务贸易显性比较优势指数(RCA),并通过分析影响台湾服务贸易竞争力的几个因素,发现货物贸易、服务业发展、人力资本水平和服务贸易开放与台湾服务贸易竞争力存在显著的长期均衡关系。最后,本文总结了主要结论并提出了相关建议。     

战略性贸易政策的博弈效应研究

经济全球化增强了各国(地区)贸易政策之间的关联.一国贸易政策的制定必须考虑其对其他国家(地区)的影响,以及后者的反应和可能的应对措施.这种相互之间的博弈发生在多边、区域、双边、单边各个层次,而且各个层次之间也在进行着相互的博弈,构成了一国(地区)动态的贸易政策体系.在此背景下,贸易政策在各国(地区)之间具有了"示范"和博弈效应,各国要么跟进,要么模仿,都在不同程度地对其他国家的贸易政策做出反应.本文从战略性区域经济一体化策略、"301条款"单边措施、贸易摩擦三个角度论述了各类贸易政策的博弈效应.     

Closer Economic Relations with East Asia?

This paper examines Australia's economic links with East Asia and the policy implications of these links. The main issue is whether Australia should join the regional trading arrangements with East Asian countries that have been proposed. It examines the factors which determine the share of East Asia in Australian exports. One of these, the country bias factor, is threatened by proposed regional trading arrangements which might exclude Australia. After considering the costs of exclusion, the paper concludes that Australia should consider developing new bilateral or regional trade arrangements with countries in East Asia.     

An assessment of the Europe agreements’ effects on bilateral trade, GDP, and welfare

The so-called Europe Agreements had been enacted in the 1990s to initiate the integration of goods markets between the 15 EU incumbent economies as of 1995 and 10 potential entrants located in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper evaluates the trade, GDP, and welfare effects of these agreements by means of structural analysis of a bilateral trade flow model. The results support three conclusions. First, the agreements exerted significant positive effects on goods trade between the EU15 incumbents and the CEEC and, at the same time, they induced trade redirection from other countries. Second, EU15 GDP responded by an increase of much less than 1% while that in the 10 CEEC increased by several percent in response to the agreements. Third, the effects on welfare were moderate in the EU15 but amounted to more double-digit percentage changes in the involved CEEC.     

Regionalism and Gravity

Gravity models have been extensively used to evaluate the trade effects of regional trading arrangements, (RTAs), especially over the last 10 years or so. Questions addressed by researchers include, is there a regional bias to trade and are there identifiable trade affects attributable to RTAs? This paper reviews the evidence extant from this literature and evaluates the modelling and methodological issues confronted when applying gravity modelling to the analysis of regionalism. The paper argues that the approach has a distinctive role to play in evaluating trade effects and its application has been enhanced by both the refinement of theoretical underpinnings and development of econometric technique.     

Should AFTA and CER Link?

This article examines the logic of the link between the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the Closer Economic Relations (CER) regional trading arrangements which was mooted by the Thai Prime Minister in 1993. AFTA and CER are the only two regional trading arrangements in the East Asia/West Pacific region and both are advancing to a high degree of regional integration. This article argues that there are undoubted gains to be had from an AFTA-CER link by itself which includes reciprocal trade liberalisation as well as trade facilitation. Both groups of countries would benefit from freer trade between them and both have a lot to learn from the experiences of the other regional trading arrangement. However, this link will be redundant if the Bogor Declaration of the APEC is implemented after the Osaka meeting of APEC Leaders in November 1995. If, instead, multilateral trade liberalisation through the World Trade Organisation and APEC falters, an AFTA-CER link becomes an important possibility.     

Austerity and Exports

Recent papers have focused attention on the potential for expansionary austerity (i.e. that cutting budget deficits may increase growth in the short run). In this paper we investigate the impact of fiscal consolidation on trade using bilateral trade data. The use of bilateral trade data allows us to demonstrate three novel empirical results. First, while fiscal consolidation is associated with an increase in own‐country exports, it is also correlated to an equal extent with a decrease in foreign‐country exports (i.e. imports); indeed, simultaneous austerity has no statistically significant impact on bilateral trade. Second, the positive effect of austerity on exports disappears when trading partners share a common currency. Third, the increase in exports as a result of austerity is associated entirely with an increase in the range of goods exported (the extensive margin), at the expense of trade volume among existing trade relationships (the intensive margin).     

GATT,Preferential/Regional Trading Blocs and Agricultural Trade*

Agricultural trade impasses have again frustrated the GATT process. Interest in preferential/regional trading blocs is increasing. the paper probes the theoretical and empirical consequences of preferential arrangements instead of multilateral liberalization. It concludes that in a second-best world preferential arrangements could either improve or decrease global welfare. For agricultural trade, previous experience suggests that in regional groupings such as the EC trade diversion exceeded trade creation. This results from trade distorting domestic policies. Prospects for liberalization of agricultural trade under either GATT or preferential arrangements are limited. the consequences for small agricultural exporters are not positive.     

Impact of tariff rates on the probability of trade relationship survival: Evidence from ASEAN+6 manufactured goods

This article explores the links between imported trade relationships, their duration and tariff rates. We use survival analysis to investigate how the probability of trade relationship survival is affected by the difference in the tariff rates. We use the ASEAN+6 as the basis of our report and consider a total of 89 trading partners for manufactured goods from 1996 to 2011. Our findings are as follows. First, low‐tariff trade survives longer than high‐tariff trade of manufactured goods. Second, we find a significantly negative correlation between tariff rates and duration, and regional trade agreements help prolong the length of trade relationships. Third, the hazard ratios of intraregional differentiated goods and the parts and components trade are lower. We have also obtained robust results for distinct specifications through consideration of production networks and Rauch's product classification. Finally, we believe that these findings could be used as a reference for other economic organizations working toward the diminution of tariff rates.     

Implications of reform and WTO accession for China’ agricultural policies

While China’s trade policies in most areas have been transformed in the reform era, trade in many agricultural goods remains under relatively non‐transparent state trading arrangements. Accession to the WTO will be a critical turning point, increasing transparency and introducing disciplines on protection even for the commodities remaining under state trading. While China’s tariff bindings for the most sensitive products seem unlikely to require substantial short‐term reductions in protection, they rule out substantial increases in the future, provide the opportunity to develop an efficient agricultural sector, and highlight the need for effective policies to reduce rural poverty. WTO membership provides an opportunity for China to improve market access opportunities for its agricultural exports, which face much higher barriers than its exports of industrial products. JEL classification: D58, F13, O13, O56, P33, Q17.     

Global Integration

This article argues that there are underlying changes in the world economy due to growing integration of the national economies which are more profound than the events in particular commodity markets, and that our national economic policies should be significantly shaped by these changes. Integration is defined in terms of the convergence of prices on international markets. It is occurring in the markets for commodities, factors and technologies. The freeing of trade multilaterally and unilaterally and the formation of regional trading arrangements have all played a part in greater global integration. Global and regional integration have changed the nature of the international markets in which we trade and require corporations to change their production and marketing strategies. Governments have an increasingly important role in negotiating international and regional agreements and in providing an environment that allows the domestic producers to compete on international markets. There is, however, no need to change the unilateral trading policies of Australia.     

服务经济的微观分析-基于生产与交易的分工均衡

与目前有关服务经济的研究不同,本文用一个新兴古典的佣金中间商1模型来分析交易服务的经济性质.主要结果表明:在市场分工中,交易服务是一种能够对产品的交易产生正网络效应的特殊商品;由中间商数量所决定的服务网络规模会影响市场一体化程度;制度效率和服务交易效率的改进将提高人均真实收入,当制度效率比服务交易效率的改进程度更大,或当服务业的劳动生产率提高,从生产部门向交易部门的劳动力迁移将增加;而改进的制度效率也将扩大产品和服务的市场容量;因而,经济增长呈现为以服务业发展为导向的增长.本文对于服务业缘何已成为发达国家的主导产业给出了一个微观解释,也为中国通过服务业来推动经济增长提供了一个理论视角.