我国财政货币政策的作用空间及组合效用研究

我国财政货币政策同时发挥效力不足,搭配模式不完善,限制了其作用空间。后危机时代,切实加强财政货币政策组合效用发挥显得尤为重要。运用圣路易斯模型对我国改革开放以来财政政策和货币政策的相对有效性进行检验,可以得出结论:货币政策的作用空间总体上大于财政政策。为此,要推进体制市场化,完善政策效应传导机制;要政策配合多元化,发挥政策综合效应;要加快工具新型化,促进政策手段协调;要使合作领域重点化,重视特定领域配合。     

人口老龄化影响财政与货币政策的有效性吗?

文章将人口结构、财政支出结构和货币政策引入新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡框架,重点分析了人口老龄化对我国宏观调控经济政策的影响.研究结果显示:除了人口老龄化自身对经济增长的负面影响,留给宏观调控政策的腾挪空间也越发有限?影响政策调控的有效性,增加政策实施的成本.(1)除了加重财政养老负担,人口老龄化更损害财政刺激效果和财政绩效质量,限制政府实施反周期政策的能力,压缩财政政策发挥的空间;(2)老年人主导的社会对通货膨胀的容忍度将不断下调,势必削弱货币政策刺激总需求能力,增加政策实施成本,迫使中央银行改变货币政策操作方式,可能采取更激进措施以实现相同效果,强化金融脆弱性;(3)相比增加人口生育率,提高劳动参与率既是缓解短期财政养老负担、保障养老融资可持续性的关键,也是有效增加劳动供给、改善政策发挥生态环境,进而提高财政政策与货币政策有效性的权宜之计.     

我国财政货币政策的调整与制度安排

为启动内需 ,我国于 1998年实施了积极的财政政策与稳健的货币政策 ,随着时间的推移 ,需要对其进行调整。调整的取向是向适度的财政政策和稳健的货币政策转变 ;调控方向应由基础建设投资向产业结构调整转变。加强财政货币政策协调运行的制度建设 ,提高货币政策的传导效率和财政政策的运行效率。     

财政政策与货币政策的配合同社会经济发展的关系

财政政策与货币政策由于在终极目标上具有一致性,同属国家的需求管理政策,因此可以根据宏观经济调控的要求,进行合宜的搭配组合。本文在回顾改革开放以来我国财政政策与货币政策配合的四个阶段,并总结政策组合与经济社会发展关系的经验启示的基础上,根据“十一五”新时期的时代背景要求,分析了如何实施稳健财政政策和稳健货币政策、“双稳健”财政政策与货币政策的协调配合等问题,以保持经济平稳较快发展。     

财政货币政策配合效应与宏观经济的相互影响

我国社会经济体系正在不断进步,在这样的环境之下通过运用财政政策和货币政策能够对宏观经济造成一定的正面影响。其中这两种政策都有着不同的作用,财政政策能够在短期内发挥出推动经济发展的作用,而货币政策则需要更长的时间。本文就财政货币政策的配合效应与宏观经济的相互影响进行模型分析并探讨。     

货币政策调控框架转型、财政乘数非线性变动与新时代财政工具选择

中国货币政策调控框架正从数量型为主向价格型为主转型,货币政策的变动会影响到财政乘数。本文在新凯恩斯框架下构建DSGE模型,建立权重可调的混合型货币政策规则,考察货币政策调控框架渐进转型过程中政府投资、政府消费、投资补贴、消费税、资本收益税和劳动税等六类结构性财政工具调控效果的变动情况。研究表明,货币政策调控框架转型会显著影响财政乘数,且财政乘数随转型进程非线性变动,其机理在于货币政策转型会影响财政冲击对私人资本的挤出效应强度。中国经济发展进入新时代,需要构建高效协同的宏观调控框架,财政政策应密切关注货币政策调控框架转型进程,以保证调控力度恰当、效果合意;对财政工具的选择应更加重视结构性减税与投资补贴,以改善民生福祉、激发经济活力;财政调控应有增有减,以维持预算平衡、防范化解政府债务风险。     

财政政策与货币政策协调配合问题研究

财政政策和货币政策的不同作用机制、特点、局限性以及相互影响性,决定二者必须协调配合.具体来说,应根据宏观经济运行态势的变化,确定财政政策和货币政策的主从关系,注意政策性金融与财政政策、货币政策的协调配合,加强财政政策和货币政策调控结合部重点领域的合理协调.     

我国财政货币政策运行的困境

一、积极的财政政策与稳健的货币政策启动内需乏力。 1998年积极的财政政策与稳健的货币政策在实施中主要以财政政策为主,货币政策为辅,其意在通过财政政策刺激并带动需求,以克服总需求不足,减缓经济增速的下滑。为此,中央政府在近五年里共发行了6600亿元国债,增加基础设施的投资,并带动银行信贷和社会投资,合计投资总规模达26000亿元。据国家统计局测算,四年     

金融稳定视角下财政货币政策与宏观审慎政策三支柱调控框架研究

针对如何构建维护金融稳定的宏观调控框架这一问题,现有研究对财政政策的关注明显不足.本文从金融稳定视角出发,在同一DSGE模型框架下细致刻画了财政政策、货币政策、宏观审慎政策,以脉冲响应图和社会福利损失函数为分析工具,深入分析各宏观政策工具的效果以及政策当局之间的协同效果,在此基础上研究中国宏观金融安全体系构建中的一些关键问题,并进一步讨论了构建三支柱调控框架的必要性.研究表明:第一,扩张性财政政策的效果显著,但也会通过土地财政与政府债务两个渠道对金融稳定产生负面影响;第二,仅依靠双支柱调控框架应对金融风险还不够审慎,应构建包含房产税政策、财政整顿政策的宏观调控框架,以强化财政政策在金融稳定中的作用;第三,盯住房价与社会总杠杆率的货币政策并不能提升金融系统的稳定性,将宏观审慎政策作为防控金融风险的第一道防线是更为合理的选择;第四,与双支柱调控框架相比,纳入财政政策的三支柱调控框架在维护经济稳定、物价稳定、金融稳定方面的表现均更为出色,因此应当加强财政、货币、宏观审慎政策的配合.     

浅析我国财政货币政策与研究

财政政策和货币政策是国民经济宏观调控的两大重要工具,是政府调控经济的重要手段。本文正是通过回顾我国近十年来实施财政货币政策的历程,以及对当前我国宏观经济中存在的问题的分析,从而提出实施合理财政货币政策的建议。     

Optimal monetary and macroprudential policies: Gains and pitfalls in a model of financial intermediation

We estimate a quantitative general equilibrium model with nominal rigidities and financial intermediation to examine the interaction of monetary and macroprudential stabilization policies. The estimation procedure uses credit spreads to help identify the role of financial shocks amenable to stabilization via monetary or macroprudential instruments. The estimated model implies that monetary policy should not respond strongly to the credit cycle and can only partially insulate the economy from the distortionary effects of financial frictions/shocks. A counter-cyclical macroprudential instrument can enhance welfare, but faces important implementation challenges. In particular, a Ramsey planner who adjusts a leverage tax in an optimal way can largely insulate the economy from shocks to intermediation, but a simple-rule approach must be cautious not to limit credit expansions associated with efficient investment opportunities. These results demonstrate the importance of considering both optimal Ramsey policies and simpler, but more practical, approaches in an empirically grounded model.     

The effect of ECB monetary policies on interest rates and volumes

This article assesses the transmission of ECB monetary policies, conventional and unconventional, to both interest rates and lending volumes or bond issuance for three types of different economic agents through five different markets: sovereign bonds at 6-month, 5-year and 10-year horizons, loans to nonfinancial corporations and housing loans to households, during the financial crisis, and for the four largest economies of the euro area. We look at three different unconventional tools: excess liquidity, longer-term refinancing operations and securities held for monetary policy purposes following the decomposition of the ECB’s Weekly Financial Statements. We first identify series of ECB policy shocks at the euro area aggregate level by removing the systematic component of each series and controlling for announcement effects. We second include these exogenous shocks in country-specific structural VAR, in which we control for credit demand. The main result is that only the pass-through from the ECB rate to interest rates has been effective. Unconventional policies have had uneven effects and primarily on interest rates.     

The ‘new economics’ and policies for financial stability

The purpose of this paper is to consider the policy implications of the ‘new economics’. The focus will be on financial stability as an objective of policy within a more general framework of policies. The theoretical framework upon which we base our policy conclusions is summarised to provide understandings of the operation of the economy and the need for policy interventions, before the main policy implications, the focus of this paper, are discussed. In doing so we argue that an important policy dimension, which has been ignored in the past, is financial stability, a new focus of monetary policy amongst other implications. The theoretical framework upon which we base our policy conclusions tries to avoid the problems encountered by the previously dominant paradigm ‘New Consensus in Macroeconomics’. It represents in this sense ‘new thinking in economics’.     

Systemic risk: The coordination of macroprudential and monetary policies in China

The literature documents the effects of monetary and macroprudential policies in controlling systemic risk, but empirical evidence of a systemwide framework that effectively coordinates the two policies is lacking. This study assesses the effectiveness, channels, and timeliness of monetary and macroprudential policies’ impacts on systemic risk in China from January 2009 to June 2018, and contributes to the discussion of how to coordinate these policies. Using an index synthesized from 28 indicators to proxy China’s systemic risk, we find the following: (1) A contractionary monetary (macroprudential) shock increases (reduces) systemic risk over the entire shock time period. (2) Macroprudential (monetary) policy is effective in the long (short) term. (3) The systemic risk intervention effect of monetary (macroprudential) policy is channeled through inflation control (asset price stability).     

Financial market segmentation,stock market volatility and the role of monetary policy

We study a segmented financial markets model where only the agents who trade stocks encounter financial income risk. In such an economy, the welfare-maximizing monetary policy attains the novel role of redistributing the traders' financial market risk among all agents in the economy. In order to do that, optimal monetary policy reacts to financial market movements; it is expansionary in bad times for the financial markets and contractionary in good ones. In our quantitative exercise, a dividend shock generates different policy responses and consumption paths among the optimal and the 2% inflation targeting policy. The latter implies large distributional welfare losses and risk sharing losses of similar magnitude with those generated by business cycle fluctuations. In addition, the optimal monetary policy does not minimize stock price volatility and implies lower inflation volatility than other commonly used policies.     

How to avoid the consequences of anticipated monetary policies

Summary. This paper analyzes how monetary policy in an overlapping generations model can be designed to avoid inflationary consequences of anticipated changes of monetary policies. Avoiding these inflationary consequences will require a once and for all increase (decrease) in monetary growth immediately before the policy switch takes place if the relative risk aversion is greater (less) than unity. If the relative risk aversion is greater than unity, the avoidance of inflationary consequences is also time-consistent. Moreover, a general monetary feedback rule ensures that the economy picks the steady state with the lowest inflation rate. Our results suggest that the difference between unanticipated and anticipated policy switches may not be as important as generally assumed, because the consequences of the latter can be neutralized. Received: September 19, 1995; revised version: July 27, 1998     

Effects of the US monetary policy shocks during financial crises – a threshold vector autoregression approach

This article analyzes the impact of monetary policy during periods of low and high financial stress in the US economy using a threshold vector autoregression model. There is evidence that expansionary monetary policy is effective during periods of high financial stress with larger responses having a higher proportionate effect on output. The existence of a cost channel effect during periods of high financial stress implies the existence of a short run output-inflation trade off during financial crises. Large expansionary monetary shocks also increase the likelihood of moving the economy out of a high financial stress regime.     

Evaluating monetary policy with financial stability objective: rules vs. discretion

This article explores whether adding the goal of financial stability to the more traditional goals of output and price stability could improve optimality of monetary policy. A Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model that endogenously incorporates financial frictions is used to derive optimality conditions across rule-based and discretionary monetary policy environments. The results indicate that it is optimal for the Central Bank to keep output below the potential level in the short term so as to dampen the inflationary effects arising from supply and financial shocks. When the economy is exposed to a financial shock, both leverage and credit spread rise significantly, thereby tipping the economy into a financial crisis and raising the probability of macroeconomic risk.     

Financial innovations and the future of monetary policy in Nigeria

This paper examines the implications of financial innovations on Nigeria’s monetary policy, using: trend analysis, error correction mechanism, and a structural model estimated with generalized method of moments. The study found that financial innovation improves the interest rate channel of monetary policy transmission, and the efficiency of the financial system. However, it increases the output gap and adds an element of uncertainty in the monetary policy environment as it increases the cost of implementing monetary policy and impinges on the potency of the operating target through its impact on the stability of the money multiplier, money velocity, and demand for money.     

Fiscal expansion, monetary policy, interest rate risk premia, and wage reactions

We examine the macroeconomic implications of fiscal policy in a small open economy, with emphasis on the interactions between fiscal, monetary and labour market policies. The paper uses the NBNZ-DEMONZ macroeconometric model. Novel features of the model are that it includes an endogenous interest rate risk premium (IRRP), and forward-looking monetary and fiscal policy reaction functions which capture the essence of New Zealand's Reserve Bank and Fiscal Responsibility Acts. The most important empirical result is that the postulated IRRP, proxying financial market mechanisms, can contribute at least as much as the monetary policy reaction function to maintaining price stability. Also of significance are that an income tax cuts package shows more damped real GDP and underlying inflation paths than does an expenditure increases equivalent; and that the inflationary and real sector impacts of a personal income tax cut package depend heavily on how the cut is `shared' between firms and workers. The nature and interdependence of monetary and fiscal policies and labour market conditions are therefore crucial to the macroeconomic outcomes.