中小型信息技术企业技术创新效率研究--基于中国68家上市公司的分析

基于技术创新效率评价的现有文献,以68家中小型信息技术企业为研究对象,运用DEA方法,从综合技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率三个方面,评价和分析技术创新效率。研究结果表明,中国中小型信息技术企业技术创新综合效率偏低,主要原因在于纯技术效率偏低。最后对影响技术创新效率的主要因素进行研究,并提出信息技术行业技术创新效率改进的建议,从而为促进中小型信息技术企业提高技术创新效率,保持核心竞争力提供参考。     

我国民航业竞争格局和运行效率研究

上个世纪80年代末至90年代初我国民航业进行了一次体制改革,形成了模拟竞争的航空运输市场。2002年10月中国民航对原有的航空及相关企业进行联合重组,成立了六大航空集团。本文以产业组织理论中经典的SCP范式为基本的分析思路,结合微观规制理论和新制度经济学等相关理论对我国民航业市场化改革以来的竞争格局、运行效率进行深入分析,并以此为基础提出优化行业结构、提高行业运行效率和竞争力的政策建议。     

生产资料批发业发展与制造业效率提升——基于地区和行业面板数据的实证分析

本文从理论层面分析了生产资料批发业发展对制造业效率提升的作用机理,认为生产资料批发业专业化程度的广化和深化在降低企业生产成本的同时,也有效节约了交易费用,从而提升了制造业的效率和竞争力。利用我国地区和细分行业在2006-2011年的面板数据,结合稳健的IV估计法对本文的核心命题进行了实证分析。经验证据表明:现阶段生产资料批发业发展对制造业效率提升起到积极作用;具体地,无论是生产资料批发业流通效率提升还是行业规模扩张,都能显著促进制造业产出效率的提高。本文的研究对"十二五"规划期间产业政策和地区经济发展战略的制定具有一定参考价值。     

中国研究与发展投入产出效率分析——基于数据包络分析模型的视角

研究与发展活动对企业竞争力的提升起着重要的推动作用,通过数据包络方法对中国2009年R&D投入产出效率进行分析发现,目前中国R&D投入产出效率总体水平较高,但行业之间、地方之间效率水平存在较大的差异,且研究能力与管理水平低是大部分地区和行业的R&D投入产出效率低的重要原因之一。     

我国盐业行业的战略环境分析

当前 ,我国盐业行业正处于大变革阶段 ,传统的盐业管理体制正在瓦解 ,新的更具竞争力和效率的盐业管理制度正在构建。在这种大背景下 ,文章详细阐述了我国盐业行业所面临的国际、国内环境 ,分析了我国盐业行业所存在的主要问题 ,并对我国盐业的未来发展提出建议。     

制造业与服务业整合产业链效率评价及中美国别比较——基于两部门两阶段DEA方法

产业链效率取决于产业链环节的投入,产业链环节间投入的差异决定了行业竞争力的表现。从服务业中间投入比例来看,美国制造业的投入比例远远大于中国制造业。文章运用数据包络分析的方法对中国和美国的制造业价值链效率进行了测度。通过对中国和美国制造业的产业链效率进行比较发现,中国制造业产业链在面向最终需求的生活型制造业中占据优势,而美国制造业产业链在面向中间需求的生产型制造业中占据优势。     

基于GEM模型的通化市医药产业集群竞争力研究

医药产业是国民经济中的一个重要行业,涉及到国民健康、社会稳定和经济发展等各个方面。医药产业集群为提升医药产业竞争力、区域竞争力、国家整体竞争力方面发挥着重要作用。从医药产业集群的角度来研究医药产业集群竞争力,通过GEM因素分析模型对通化市医药产业集群进行了定量研究,分析了影响通化市医药产业集群竞争力的关键因素,并对提升产业竞争力提供了建议。     

中国矿业生态经济效率评价研究

矿业生态经济是维护生态平衡,优化矿产资源配置,实现矿业可持续发展的基本要求。基于DEA方法,本文构建了矿业生态经济效率评价模型,并据此对中国10个矿业部门的生态经济效率进行了总体分析和评价。研究结果表明:中国矿业生态经济效率总体上较低,提高规模效率是关键;从动态分析来看,提高行业技术水平,提高矿业企业的核心竞争力才能真正提高中国矿业生态经济效率;政府有必要从规模入手,加大对石油和天然气开采业的管理,以提升其生态经济效率。     

中国制造业竞争力实证分析

一国制造业的竞争力直接表现在制造业的出口竞争力、劳动生产率以及高科技含量三方面,本文分别从这三方面对中国制造业竞争力的演变进行了分析。分析表明,我国制造业的竞争力总体上呈上升态势,但是制造业内部各行业的竞争力存在着两极分化现象。     

国际垂直专业化对中国工业竞争力的影响分析

文章从理论上分析了国际垂直专业化对产业竞争力的影响机制,并在此基础上就中国工业参与国际垂直专业化对行业竞争力的影响进行实证研究。经验事实与计量分析的结果都表明,国际垂直专业化分工对我国工业的竞争力提升产生了积极影响,但对资本(技术)密集型行业与劳动密集型行业,这种正向影响的程度不同,前者参与国际垂直分工的水平更高,从中获益的程度也更大。     

FDI对中国农产品加工业竞争力影响的实证分析——基于钻石模型与民族产业视角

基于钻石理论,本文构建了FDI对中国农产品加工业竞争力影响的模型并进行实证分析,结果发现,FDI的流入有利于中国农产品加工业国际竞争力的提高,其中原料密集型、劳动密集型行业表现最为明显,但技术密集型产业相对较小;民族农产品加工业国际竞争力因FDI的流入而受到不利影响,但劳动密集型、原材料密集型、资本与技术密集型行业却因此受益;同时,民族农产品加工业的国内竞争力也受到了FDI的冲击。     

Outrunning the gender gap—boys and girls compete equally

Recent studies find that women are less competitive than men. This gender difference in competitiveness has been suggested as one possible explanation for why men occupy the majority of top positions in many sectors. In this study we explore competitiveness in children, with the premise that both context and gendered stereotypes regarding the task at hand may influence competitive behavior. A related field experiment on Israeli children shows that only boys react to competition by running faster when competing in a race. We here test if there is a gender gap in running among 7–10 year old Swedish children. We also introduce two female sports, skipping rope and dancing, to see if competitiveness is task dependent. We find no gender difference in reaction to competition in any task; boys and girls compete equally. Studies in different environments with different types of tasks are thus important in order to make generalizable claims about gender differences in competitiveness.     

动态偏离-份额分析法在区域经济中的应用

作者在传统静态的偏离-份额分析法的基础上,引入动态化思想,把研究期的时间纬度进行了拓展,不仅揭示了各分量因素对增长总量的贡献,而且还展现了各分量因素在不同时间发展变化程度的差异.对西部12省市的应用分析表明动态偏离-份额分析法既能揭示不同工业行业部门的变化特征,又能量化分析不同年份各工业行业的竞争力和贡献率,因此有助于更客观地分析工业行业结构的优劣,正确评价各工业行业的竞争力强弱,从而为区域工业结构调整提出科学的依据和方向.     

Tariff escalation,export shares and economy-wide welfare: A computable general equilibrium approach

The current literature suggests that tariff escalation (TE) lowers the competitiveness of processing sectors. Coffee and cotton are agricultural products that face the problem of TE in developing countries, where we observe low global coffee product export shares but high global cotton textile export shares, posing a question on TE's impact on competitiveness. This paper employs a computable generalised equilibrium (CGE) modelling approach to examine the impact of TE on export shares of processed coffee and cotton textiles. We modify the standard GTAP (global trade analysis project) model to solve for global export shares and simulate the impact of eliminating TE on coffee and cotton to analyse economy-wide trade and welfare implications. Results show that TE has mixed effects on export shares, depending on the initial economic structure. Findings reveal that the elimination of TE on cotton and coffee may generate potential global gains of over US$ 0.7 billion, mainly from the cotton sector. Given the relative size of these sectors in global agriculture, the magnitude of gains is not small. This underlines the need for the policy-makers to examine, address and evaluate the prevalence of TE on a sectoral basis in ongoing WTO negotiations.     

The Efficiency of Active Labor Market Policies: A Comparative Analysis of Tunisia and OECD Countries’

ABSTRACT

On the third anniversary of the Egyptian revolution and against the backdrop of lingering political instability and deteriorating economic conditions, we diagnose the constraints to sectoral growth in Egypt using the 2011 Egyptian revolution as a natural experiment. We combine quantile regressions to study sector outliers with a difference in difference methodology to capture sectoral behavior before and after revolution. We find that the revolution's effect has been adverse, on average, but heterogeneous across sectors. We identify and characterize sectors most and least impacted. Results reveal that Egypt's fastest growing sectors before Revolution have been the most vulnerable after Revolution. This evidence is supported by our diagnosis approach that shows that faster growing sectors are constrained by continuous increases in prices that threaten export competitiveness (as they erode the benefits accrued to nominal depreciation of currency). Such sectors also benefited from higher monetary growth and fewer constraints on credit availability that have mitigated somewhat the speed of deterioration in the aftermath of the revolution. Our results, which hold under several robustness checks, inform policy priorities as to how to revive investors’ confidence, boost competitiveness, and design priorities in industrial policy to ease structural impediments and align sectoral growth with macro priorities.     

The effectiveness of anti-leakage policies in the European Union: results for Austria

With the third trading period of the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) starting in 2013, the system of allocating emission allowances will significantly change: In contrast to the previous two trading periods, auctioning of the allowances should now be the rule rather than the exception. Accompanying this policy change, concerns over competitiveness of energy intensive, trade exposed sectors as well as over limited environmental effectiveness via the channel of carbon leakage, have regained prominence. In this paper, we thus explore the impacts of potential EU policies to counter losses in international competitiveness and carbon leakage from the perspective of Austria. Based on numerical simulations with a computable general equilibrium model, we evaluate three policy options: an input subsidy for carbon allowances (thus reflecting the planned partially free allocation mechanism in the third EU ETS phase), a subsidy for domestic production, and an export rebate based on sectoral CO₂ costs. Our results show that each policy has the potential to support domestic production in exposed sectors relative to a full auctioning scenario and thus increase competitiveness. However, none is imperatively effective at reducing Austria’s net carbon emissions: while the carbon trade balance is improved and hence leakage declines, the tradability of emission permits within the EU ETS allows CO₂ emissions from Austria’s ETS output to increase. A cost benefit analysis indicates that the two policies promoting domestic output and exports are more cost effective than the CO₂ input subsidy.     

基于SS分析法的苏、浙、沪制造业竞争力比较

从全国范围来看,江苏、浙江和上海的制造业都具有较强的竞争力,但运用偏离一份额分析法比较来看,两省一市的制造业总体上具有如下特点：产业互补性较强;结构层次存在明显的梯度差异;垂直型的区际分工格局已初步形成。这一方面反映出二省一市各自不同的产业定位及发展路径,另一方面也意味着合理的区域分工有助于制造业竞争力的进一步增强。     

Innovation and the competitiveness of industries: Comparing the mainstream and the evolutionary approaches

The study of the relationships between innovation and the competitiveness of industries is an important topic for both, academic research and economic policy. The huge economics literature flourished in the last couple of decades on the subject broadly falls into two distinct research traditions, namely the mainstream R&D spillovers approach and the evolutionary economics view. Both traditions agree on the important role played by innovation and the inter-sectoral diffusion of advanced knowledge for the competitive performance of industrial sectors. Behind this general agreement, however, the two approaches are radically different. This paper shows that, at a deeper level of analysis, the mainstream and evolutionary views do indeed differ with respect to their theoretical foundations, empirical research and policy implications. In a nutshell, while the mainstream R&D spillover approach is inspired by a traditional view of economic policy based on a market-oriented approach, the evolutionary view is on the contrary consistent with the idea that institutional arrangements and policy interventions do indeed play a fundamental role for shaping innovation patterns and their impacts on the competitiveness of industries.     

Fossil fuel subsidies and environmental constraints

Fossil fuel subsidies are applied in many countries for different policy reasons such as maintaining jobs in fossil fuel sectors, securing national energy supply or lowering the energy costs of selected industries to strengthen competitiveness. The current economic costs of fossil fuel subsidy policies can be substantially increased by future environmental constraints. We illustrate this point in the framework of a general equilibrium analysis for Germany where we quantify the economic costs of alternative hard coal subsidy policies at different CO₂ reduction levels. Our calculations show that German hard coal subsidies as a means of retaining jobs can get very expensive with additional specific costs of up to annual 70 000 DM per job for a given CO₂ reduction target of 35%. Though the empirical analysis is focused on Germany the general conclusion that current subsidy policies of fossil fuels must be fundamentally reconsidered in view of forthcoming environmental constraints is also relevant for other countries.     

Is Foreign Direct Investment “Gender Blind”? Women's Rights as a Determinant of US FDI

The impact of women's rights on a country's competitiveness in the global economy is a source of contention. While educational opportunities for women, as well as political empowerment, are linked to a variety of positive outcomes, the impact of economic rights is mixed. Toward better understanding these issues, we focus on the role of women's rights in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). Though foreign capital plays a key role in the development strategies of many countries, and many of the growth areas in FDI rely heavily on women's labor, extant literature on the determinants of FDI largely ignores gender. To gain insight into these issues, we examine the impact of women's political, economic, and educational rights across four different types of US FDI into the developing world. We find a mixed relationship between women's rights and FDI that varies across industrial sectors.