中国对“一带一路”沿线国家货物出口贸易潜力

利用扩展的引力模型实证分析了中国向"一带一路"沿线61个国家货物出口贸易的贸易潜力。结果表明"一带一路"沿线国的人口数量、中国和沿线国GDP、贸易自由度指数、两国之间的距离及是否使用共同语言等因素对中国向沿线国的货物出口贸易有显著影响。在沿线61个出口市场中,以欧洲各国为主的11个国家属于"潜力再造型"国家,中国对其出口贸易潜力十分有限;以俄罗斯、中东欧及中东地区各国为主的共34个国家属于"潜力开拓型"国家,这些国家仍然有一定的出口潜力待挖掘;以中亚和南亚为主的16个国家属于"潜力巨大型",这些国家大多是中国货物出口的"小型市场",还存在很大的潜在市场空间。     

"一带一路"背景下中国对外贸易效率研究——基于新亚欧大陆桥19国的经验数据

文章采用随机前沿引力模型,从出口角度分析测算了2004-2018年中国对新亚欧大陆桥经济走廊沿线19个主要国家的贸易效率及潜力,采用随机前沿引力模型,估计了中国对走廊沿线19个国家的出口效率及潜力.研究结果表明:在贸易效率估计中,沿线国家的人均GDP、地理距离、共同边界、WTO组织、贸易自由度,及内陆国等变量,均与理论预期一致.贸易非效率项因素中,政府廉洁指数、贸易自由度、劳动力规模、最终消费支出等显著促进中国对沿线国的出口效率.与预期理论不同的结果是,关税水平与被解释变量呈现出了负相关.金融自由度的提升并不一定能促进贸易效率,该指标对中国出口沿线国的贸易并不显著.FDI净流入规模对中国出口贸易效率并不显著,汇率估计结果显著.同时,文章根据结论对中国出口贸易效率的提升提出了针对性建议.     

基于贸易引力模型的中国纺织服装出口流量与潜力分析

文章基于贸易引力模型的研究综述,结合中国纺织服装出口贸易现状,首先对贸易引力模型进行了修正和扩展.其次通过选取中国与美国、欧盟和日本等16个国家和地区2004-2013年的纺织服装贸易面板数据,实证分析了中国纺织服装出口流量的主要影响因素,研究结果表明:贸易国双边的经济总量、区域自由贸易组织以及技术性贸易壁垒的影响表现出不同的显著性.最后,文章运用得到的引力模型,测算了中国对主要纺织服装贸易伙伴的出口贸易潜力,并给出了相应的结论与政策建议.     

中国人造板出口贸易影响因素及发展潜力——基于贸易引力模型的分析

文章运用2002年到2012年间中国对30个人造板产品出口贸易国家或地区的面板数据,构建贸易引力模型对中国人造板产品出口贸易流量及流向的影响因素与发展潜力进行分析。结果表明:中国的经济规模、出口对象国的经济规模、两国平均人均收入水平、两国是否同属于APEC组织等因素对中国人造板产品出口贸易具有显著的正向影响;两国之间的距离、两国之间森林资源的差异、人民币对出口对象国货币的汇率等因素对中国人造板产品出口贸易具有显著的负向影响。在此基础上,测算了中国对样本国家(地区)人造板产品的出口贸易潜力系数,并提出了促进中国人造板产品出口贸易稳定持续发展的建议。     

中国对TPP协议国家出口效率及影响因素分析

本文运用随机前沿引力模型测算2004-2013年中国对跨太平洋伙伴关系协议国家的出口效率,并分析影响出口效率的自然因素,通过构建贸易非效率模型,对影响中国对跨太平洋伙伴关系协议国家出口效率的人为因素进行了分析.研究发现,中国对跨太平洋伙伴关系协议国家的出口效率在样本期间是逐步降低的,贸易非效率因素占据了主导,出口潜力巨大.在此基础土,本文从贸易自由化、国际经济体系重构和“一带一路”时代契机等方面提出政策建议.     

中国的出口潜力研究:总量测算与地区分布

通过考察2000 - 2008年间中国对120个贸易伙伴国(地区)的商品出口数据,基于扩展引力模型的面板数据计量方法,本文测算了我国出口潜力的总量规模,并揭示了出口潜力的地区分布特征.研究发现,当前我国的对外贸易仍处于“出口不足”状态,特别是对亚洲近邻的市场拓展相对滞后.后危机时期中国出口市场结构调整的总体导向应是:在保持欧美传统市场份额基本稳定的前提下,将市场重心逐渐转向出口潜力较大的亚洲和拉美新兴经济体,进一步密切中非经贸合作关系,使其成为未来出口市场多元化的潜在对象.     

我国和主要贸易国的贸易影响因素分析

文章利用中国主要出口的15个国家1996-2015年的贸易相关面板数据,建立贸易引力模型,对中国与主要出口国贸易流量的影响因素进行研究。研究显示,出口目的地国家地区的经济规模、出口目的地的外商直接投资存量,进出口地之间的地理距离和是否同属于WTO组织等因素会对中国出口贸易产生显著影响。     

“一带一路”倡议下互联互通对中国潜在贸易效应研究

"一带一路"倡议实施以来,互联互通对中国及沿线国家和地区的贸易促进效应逐步显现。基于"一带一路"倡议地域和国别范围开放的前提,借助中国与沿线国家2010-2017年的贸易、人口、共同语言等数据,以及互联互通因素的制度环境、基础设施联通及贸易畅通的水平量化数据,并引入自由贸易协定、区域全面经济伙伴关系和亚投行成员国等影响因素,从出口和进口两个维度,以传统引力模型为比较基准,构建随机前沿引力模型,实证检验"一带一路"倡议下互联互通的核心变量及贸易非效率项对中国及沿线国家贸易的影响。结果显示,中国与"一带一路"沿线国家的贸易效率整体水平偏低,进口效率平均水平落后于出口效率平均水平,中国与"一带一路"沿线国家的贸易潜力有待进一步挖掘。     

中巴经济走廊建设中双边贸易潜力及效率研究——基于随机前沿引力模型分析

本文在分析中国与巴基新坦贸易现状的基础上,选取2008-2013年中国与15个贸易伙伴国相关变量的面板数据,构建时变随机前沿引力模型,运用Frontier4.1软件从双边贸易和出口贸易两个层面分析中巴贸易效率并测算贸易潜力.结果表明:2008-2013年中巴双边贸易效率值均在0.3-0.5范围内,而中对巴出口效率值均在0.9以上,双边贸易效率明显低于出口效率;中巴双边贸易潜力远大于中对巴出口贸易潜力;未来中国将成为巴基斯坦重要的出口对象国,中国顺差地位将逐渐发生转变.中巴双方应利用中巴经济走廊建设的契机,从贸易通道、制度安排、贸易环境等方面提高中巴双边贸易效率并充分挖掘双方贸易潜力.     

陕西苹果汁出口潜力实证分析

苹果产业是陕西省六大支柱产业之一,近年来发展迅速。与此同时,以苹果种植为基础发展起来的苹果汁生产量与出口量不断增加,苹果汁出口成为苹果产业的重要支撑。因此,分析陕西浓缩苹果汁是否具有出口增长潜力,对陕西苹果产业今后发展方向和政府产业决策具有重要意义。文章引用贸易引力模型对影响陕西苹果汁出口潜力的主要因素进行实证分析,探索各影响因子的显著性,进而运用通过检验的扩展模型测算陕西省与其苹果汁主要进口对象的贸易潜力,最后为陕西果汁提高出口竞争力,开发贸易潜力提出了相应对策。     

Sunk costs of exporting and the role of experience in international trade

This paper estimates the importance of destination‐specific sunk costs of exporting and investigates the role of firms' previous experience in international trade for the decision to export to a market. While destination‐specific sunk costs are important, firms' experience in international trade can help to overcome these costs more easily. In particular, import experience from a market is found to facilitate exporting to this country and export experience from other markets can increase the probability of exporting to a country. This latter effect turns out to be conditional on the characteristics and number of markets served by a firm.     

考虑港口收费管制的进出口贸易竞争研究

考虑港口的收费管制因素,建立了进出口贸易竞争模型。该模型由一个出口国和两个进口国组成,且各国都拥有一个港口,位于出口国的两家公司均向两个进口国销售商品,并在各个进口国展开市场竞争（古诺竞争或伯川德竞争）,各贸易国的港口根据其是否存在价格管制确定港口收费。针对进出口公司的每种竞争模式,得到了不同的港口收费管制组合下各贸易国的港口收费、港口利润和社会福利,并将竞争均衡结果进行了比较。研究发现： （1）在进出口公司古诺竞争模式下,若三个贸易国的港口都无收费管制（有收费管制）且进出口产品的差异较大 （小）时,各贸易国的社会福利和港口利润均更高; （2）在进出口公司伯川德竞争模式下,若进出口产品的差异较大 （小）,则出口国的港口利润主要取决于港口收费 （贸易量）,而进口国恰好相反; （3）当进出口产品的差异较大 （小）时,进出口公司在古诺 （伯川德）竞争模式下各贸易国的社会福利、港口利润以及港口使用费都更高。     

The impact of regional trade policy uncertainty on the productivity of Chinese export enterprises: The case of China–ASEAN Free Trade Area

Reduction of regional trade policy uncertainty is critical for promoting Chinese export enterprise productivity and will help the economy enter the high-quality development stage. We use the case of the China–ASEAN Free Trade Area to empirically tests the impact of the reduction of regional trade policy uncertainty on the productivity of Chinese export enterprises. We apply the difference-in-difference method to micro-enterprise level data from the “China industrial enterprise database” and “China Customs enterprise database” for 2007–2013. Our analysis and results show that establishing the China–ASEAN Free Trade Area has dramatically reduced regional trade policy uncertainty, significantly impacting the productivity of Chinese enterprises exporting to ASEAN. The results also show that enterprises with different ownership types, regions, factor density, and pollution emission intensity show significant heterogeneity in the level of productivity improvement. Applying a mechanism test, we found that the promotion of productivity from a reduction of regional trade policy uncertainty is achieved through the learning effect, the competition effect, and improving the trade environment of imported intermediate goods. The learning effect mechanism has the highest contribution, accounting for 39.01% of the net effect. The empirical results provide novel insight into promoting the productivity of Chinese enterprises exporting to ASEAN from the perspective of reducing regional trade policy uncertainty.     

技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应分析

技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。TBT对出口国出口贸易的影响主要通过数量抑制和价格抑制两个方面来实现。在短期内,TBT将会阻碍出口国企业的出口,导致生产者福利的损失;但在中长期内,出口国若能对TBT进行合理的管理和利用,则TBT可能会促使出口国企业的产品与技术创新动力,从而对出口国贸易条件的改善具有促进作用。     

Trade and productivity: Self-selection or learning-by-exporting in India

Recent literature tried to explain the Indian growth miracle in different ways, ranging from trade liberalization to industrial reforms. Using data on Indian manufacturing firms, this paper analyzes the relationship between firm's productivity and export market participation during 1991–2004. While it provides evidence of the self-selection hypothesis by showing that more productive firms become exporters, the results do not show that entry into export markets enhances productivity. The paper examines the explanation of self selection hypothesis for total factor productivity differences across 33,510 exporting and non-exporting firms. It uses propensity score matching to test the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. In line with the prediction of recent heterogeneous firm models of international trade, the main finding of the paper is: more productive firms become exporters but it is not the case that learning by exporting is a channel fuelling growth in Indian manufacturing.     

我国出口贸易摩擦预警机制分析

随着加入WTO,我国已进入贸易摩擦的高峰期,与主要国家和地区的贸易摩擦频频发生,因此,采取切实措施,抓紧规划并尽快建立我国出口贸易摩擦预警机制,具有重要的现实意义.总结了我国出口贸易摩擦现状,分析了出口贸易摩擦预警系统的监测、评估和预报三个子系统,并提出了建立我国出口贸易摩擦预警机制的重点.     

Effects of the Mexican Apple Tariff on the World Apple Market

In response to the USA blocking Mexican trucks from traveling to the inland part of the USA, Mexico imposed tariffs on US fresh apple exports. This study analyzes the impacts of the Mexican tariff on USA, Mexican and world apple markets by using theoretical analysis and developing a spatial equilibrium trade model. The results show that this tariff increases apple prices in Mexico, to the benefit of Mexican producers but harming Mexican consumers. Even though Mexico collects revenues from its tariff, the overall welfare impact is negative because consumers' loss outweighs producers' gain and tariff revenues. Since the USA exports less to Mexico, its prices and production decline, but consumption increases. To mitigate the export market loss to Mexico, the USA redirects its exports to other importing countries, displacing other apple exporting countries' trade with these importing countries.     

China's Regional Trade and Domestic Market Integrations

The global economic crisis in 2007 forced China to move from export‐led growth to promoting domestic demand. The move is significant, but the success of this new growth strategy depends critically on the level of domestic market integrations. In this paper, we use the methodology proposed by Anderson and Wincoop to examine China's domestic market integrations. We find evidence of border effects at both national and regional levels with significant regional differences, but they are smaller than some earlier studies suggest. Income growth, lower transportation costs, and higher intra‐industry trade all have positive effects on China's regional trade. Among the factors affecting regional trade, a better business environment has the largest positive impact on lifting China's domestic trade between regions, especially in intermediate goods, suggesting that improving business environment should be the priority of government at all levels in China.     

中国对发展中国家出口的地区结构与影响因素分析

中国与发展中国家的贸易联系越来越密切.在当前金融危机下,促进中国对发展中国家的出口具有重要的意义.通过对中国与164个发展中国家贸易关系的考察,揭示了中国对不同地区和不同发展程度发展中国家出口的地区结构和贸易潜力以及决定因素.从政策上分析,中国可以利用区域性的优惠贸易安排和"走出去"战略,进一步促进与发展中国家特别是非洲和美洲中低收入国家的贸易联系.     

Trade in imperfectly competitive industries: the role of market size and consumer preferences

This study presents theoretical and empirical analyses of market size and consumer preference asymmetries to examine the implications of trade and trade policies for imperfectively competitive food manufacturing sectors. The results show that the effects of trade reforms on imperfectly competitive product trade are counter intuitive if a significant portion of food trade is attributed to market size and preference asymmetries. For example, countries with smaller market gain relatively more from trade liberalization than countries with larger markets because export market opportunities are greater for small countries than for large countries.