发展壮大经济欠发达地区村集体经济的思考

发展壮大村级集体经济,引导、支持和帮助广大农民走共同富裕的道路,实现村强民富,是我们党坚定不移的方针,是社会主义公有制经济在农村的具体体现,也是当前深化农村改革的重点难点问题。村级集体经济是村级组织运转和农村事业发展的物质基础。有了发达的集体经济,才能更好地扶持家庭经营及个体经济的发展,才能实现共同富裕,同时强大的集体经济也是增强农村基层组织凝聚力的物质基础。但经济欠发达地区出现村集体“无钱办事”的困境。如何解决这一问题？加快村集体经济发展步伐,促进村集体经济可持续发展,     

环太湖经济薄弱村发展难点分析及对策研讨

党的十六届五中全会提出了建设社会主义新农村的重大历史任务,为做好当前和今后一个时期的"三农"工作指明了方向.建设社会主义新农村,村级集体经济是基础.目前,环太湖地区的各级党委、政府和村级组织把发展壮大村级集体经济作为农村工作的重点,积极探索发展壮大村级集体经济的新路子,村级集体经济发展的总体水平有所提高,促进农村"三个文明"建设.但必须看到,当前村级经济分化严重,部分村的村级经济依然薄弱,直接导致了农业基础设施建设缓慢、农村社会事业发展滞后,其稳定运转仍存在诸多问题.     

如何有效利用村集体资源壮大村集体经济

基于农村经济体制不断改革的时代背景下,农村的集体经济发展速度也不断加快。但由于长期以来,监督管理工作不到位,使得农村集体资产管理中还存在许多方面的问题。例如:资产损耗过大、产权不清晰等。因此,本文从利用村集体资源壮大村集体经济面临的问题,进行了较为深入的探究,并以此为基础,提出健全组织管理、制定战略规划、促进特色产业发展与进步、盘活村集体资源等方面的措施。希望能彻底扭转村集体管理制度不健全的问题,为农村集体经济的持续发展奠定稳固基础。     

乡村振兴战略背景下壮大村集体经济的路径研究——以北京怀柔区为例

文章基于北京市怀柔区村集体经济发展现状,采用实地走访与问卷调查相结合的方法,从人才建设、组织机构建设、规章制度建设、经济发展方式、筹资方式及盈余分配方式七大方面分析村集体经济发展现状。在此基础上,剖析存在的问题,探索壮大农村集体经济的有效路径。     

加快集体经济发展 巩固党的执政基础——秦皇岛市村级集体经济发展情况调查

发展壮大农村集体经济不单纯是一个经济问题 ,更是一个关系党在农村执政基础和执政地位的政治问题。因此 ,我们一定要不断加快村级集体经济的发展步伐 ,为巩固党在农村的执政基础提供必要的经济保障。一、秦皇岛市村级集体经济发展的现状、问题及原因秦皇岛市辖四县三区 ,有 75个乡镇 ,2 2 88个行政村 ,农村人口 198万人 ,耕地面积 19万公顷。总的看 ,全市村级集体经济状况较好。一是村级集体经济总体发展水平不断提高。全市 87 6 %的村有集体收入 ,部分村年收入超过千万元。在全市 2 2 88个村中 ,集体年收入在 5万元以上的有 792个 ,占 34 …     

浅议加快发展新型村集体经济的思路

村集体经济是农村经济中最重要的组成部分,其发展程度关系整个农村经济发展大局,大力发展村集体经济,切实壮大村级集体经济实力,不仅是经济问题,而且是重大的政治问题,村级集体经济的发展壮大,是实现全面建设小康社会的坚强支柱,是加强农村基层党的组织建设,为进一步巩固党在农村的执政基础提供经济保障。     

农村集体经济股份合作制改革的理论与实践

农村集体经济股份合作制改革是当前农村工作的一项重要任务。文章通过回顾农村集体经济股份合作制改革的起因和发展,总结分析当前农村集体经济股份合作制改革遇到的困难和障碍,提出进一步深化村集体经济股份合作制改革的对策建议,为加快形成城乡一体化体制机制、促进城乡融合发展提供决策参考。     

长江三角洲村域集体经济转型发展研究

该文从界定村域集体经济的内涵入手,回顾了我国村域集体经济的历史变迁及转型发展的重要性;重点研究了长三角村域集体经济的管理体制改革、经营方式转型、资产流向及发展趋势,并对村域集体经济的收入能力进行了区域比较。认为:我国村域集体资源、资产和资金是村社农民共同创造、代际传承、辛勤积累和沉淀下来的,凝聚着几代农民的贡献,只能由村民自治组织和村组集体经济组织管理和经营;村域集体经济还是农村未来发展和农民共同富裕的重要物质基础,当前农村社区居民生产、生活服务,尤其是公共品供给特别需要村域集体经济实力的支撑。     

拓宽思路 加大力度加快农村集体经济发展

拓宽思路加大力度加快农村集体经济发展刘树欣近两年来，保定市各级党委、政府围绕发展农村集体经济问题进行了积极探索和实践，使保定市农村集体经济的发展呈现出良好势头。据市委农工部汇总，全市到１９９６年年底人均集体经济收入５０元以上的村可达７０％，比１９９５...     

农村“政经分离”改革的收入效应——来自农村集体经济组织数据的证据

“政经分离”改革是影响农村集体经济发展壮大的重要举措。文章利用2021年江苏省2 090家农村集体经济组织数据,使用2SLS模型分析了“政经分离”改革对农村集体经济发展的影响及机制。研究表明,“政经分离”改革整体上提高了村集体经济发展水平,并且多种稳健性检验均支持这一结论。机制分析发现,“政经分离”改革能够通过提高经营管理效率和促进产业发展来推动村集体经济发展。进一步分析发现,“政经分离”存在着“马太效应”：中高收入村实行“政经分离”的增收效果显著,而低收入村增收作用不明显。异质性分析表明,县财政支农力度和村财务监督制度能够显著提升“政经分离”改革效果。研究结论深化了“政经分离”改革影响村集体经济的认识,这不仅为发展壮大集体经济提供理论和实证支持,还为优化“政经分离”改革提供经验证据。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.