药品营销渠道绩效评价研究

本文首先分析传统药品营销渠道绩效评价体系的缺陷,包括注重定性评价,缺乏定量评价、药品营销渠道绩效的评价忽略了社会效益评价、药品营销渠道绩效评价指标体系不全面、药品营销渠道绩效评价方法不够灵活.其次提出药品营销渠道绩效评价体系构建的思路.最后构建药品营销渠道绩效评价指标体系,具体包括销售额的计划完成率、渠道成员拥有的资源水平、渠道成员组织建设水平、药品营销渠道管理的经济效益、药品营销渠道管理的社会效益.     

渠道权力：依赖、结构与策略

本文借鉴西方营销学者渠道权力问题的研究成果，对渠道权力的来源、运行机理、结构以及渠道成员的权力策略等问题进行了较为深入的探讨。本文认为，渠道权力最终来源于渠道成员的资源获得能力和转化能力，并且从渠道成员相互依赖的角度可以对渠道权力的结构进行分类，在此基础上渠道成员可以选择适合的渠道策略。     

营销渠道的冲突与协调研究——基于我国食品制造商和直接零售商合作博弈的实证分析

当渠道的非合作导致的冲突被逐渐认识到时，渠道成员就会有意识地开展合作。那么，合作是否确实减少了冲突，增进了协调呢？本文利用博弈理论提出六个假设，然后用现代计量方法进行实证检验，最后得出以下结论：渠道合作博弈优于非合作博弈，渠道成员间倾向于合作博弈，合作博弈下的营销渠道纵向成员（参与方）选择为地位相当者，渠道合作博弈中普遍存在隐性冲突，其程度与成员影响力的运用有关，合作博弈下的渠道成员普遍比较协调，营销渠道成员合作的协调及持续协调与诚信公平相关。     

营销渠道冲突的起因与控制

渠道冲突指的是一些渠道成员从事的活动阻碍或者不利于其他渠道成员实现其目标,渠道成员之间进而发生的种种矛盾和纠纷。营销渠道冲突类型有多渠道冲突、垂直渠道冲突、水平渠道冲突。营销渠道冲突主要由于渠道成员的利益至上、渠道成员间的功能差异、渠道体系设计缺陷等因素所引起。营销渠道冲突的控制主要采用设置渠道成员的共同目标,建立真心沟通的机制,进行协商谈判,诉诸法律武器,适时退出机制等手段来解决。     

基于社会网络理论下的渠道成员间信任机制的研究

渠道成员的关系管理是镶入社会网络理论之中的,本文从社会网络视角,探讨企业间信任机制在渠道成员客户关系管理中的作用,列举出了在渠道成员的关系管理中影响信任关系的主要因素,为企业在渠道成员的关系管理上起到了一定的借鉴作用。     

浅析我国PC厂商当前渠道支持工作的内涵与优化对策

渠道支持工作是当前我国PC制造厂商分销工作的核心内容，其内涵正在由传统的产品供应向资源供应转变，目的是与渠道成员共同建立渠道供应链的竞争优势。文章从资源供应的角度分析了渠道支持工作的新内涵，并据此提出了相应的渠道支持优化建议。     

关于社区居民获取科技信息渠道的若干研究——以秦皇岛为例

当前我国社区居民获取科技信息渠道呈现多样化,虽然电视是我国社区居民获取科技信息的主要渠道,但是不同年龄段的社区居民对于不同的信息渠道的选择上呈现比较显著的差异。对不同年龄段的居民获取科技信息渠道选择倾向性的研究,有助于科技信息的传播。居民对于科技信息的满意度,不仅体现了对当前科技信息渠道的评价,更为以后建设和完善科技信息渠道指明方向。     

渠道权力的来源、使用与渠道绩效——关于我国汽车营销渠道的实证研究

产生渠道冲突的非常重要的原因是渠道成员所拥有的不同的渠道权力来源和使用方式。渠道权力是成员间依赖性的反映，它既来源干强制性权力，也来源于非强制性权力，使用不同的权力引起的后果不同。本文发现，生产商的权力无论来源于强制性权力还是非强制性权力，都对经销商拥有更大的权力，从而牢牢控制着渠道；无论强制性权力还是非强制性权力，都可以引发渠道冲突；生产商对经销商较大的权力和渠道冲突并无必然联系，但对渠道绩效却有显著的正面效应。     

供应链过程中的渠道逆向控制冲突

在渠道领域中，渠道冲突作为渠道内部的重要行为，一直对整个渠道或整个供应链系统产生影响。如何管理渠道冲突，通过渠道成员之间的互相制衡关系来解决冲突问题，已成为企业获取竞争优势的一个关键因素。本文将逆向控制冲突作为一种新的渠道冲突特殊形式进行了探讨，并结合供应链管理，对供应链过程中的逆向冲突进行了成因分析，同时提出了相应的解决对策。     

企业间多元关系对新产品开发的影响——基于权力使用的视角

权力使用贯穿于渠道成员间联系的始末,是为了使交易伙伴更好满足自身需求、实现经营目标而采取的手段。分析了两类权力使用(强制性、非强制性)的不同特征,以及其对渠道成员间竞争与合作程度和后续新产品开发绩效的影响作用。丰富了权力使用与渠道成员间竞争合作程度、新产品开发绩效的关系研究,对渠道成员更好地选择权力使用、管理渠道关系、维持持续性竞争优势具有一定的指导意义。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

Types of technology

Technology is a concept rife with confusion. Here, I argue that technologies can be distinguished as a combination of type of producer and an idealized artefact life history. Using this definition, a number of technologies are identified. The first technology historically, in the Protostomes, was the production of individual or family dwellings. Next came objects such as spider webs for trapping prey. Stigmergy followed, with the social insects, as a collective endeavour to construct a mega-structure using simple rules of accretion. Some birds and primates began to make tools, or simple technological objects whose function is closely related to their form. Humans are distinguished by their ability to make machines. Traditional technology took place once people voluntarily organised into groups with specialised knowledge to produce more complex objects and structures. Monumental objects like ceremonial pyramids came with the command economies of the early agrarian societies, which also resulted in a new category of artefact, the network. Finally, with modern civilizations came ad hoc accretion, or population-level adding-on, to make truly complex technological systems. Developing a theoretical framework within which artefacts, production processes and ways of interacting with them are identified should help the study of technology to become more scientific.