广告形成的进入壁垒和企业的应对策略

进入壁垒使得新进入市场的厂商必须承担一些在位厂商并不承担的成本。广告的竞争性使得在位厂商可利用广告形成进入壁垒。这些进入壁垒主要包括产品差异化壁垒、规模经济壁垒和广告“抢先”所形成的进入壁垒。为应对这些进入壁垒，我国企业可采取广告的“确定性指向”策略、人无我有策略和强势品牌策略。     

基于战略性进入壁垒的企业应对策略研究

进入壁垒使得新进入市场的厂商必须承担一些在位厂商并不承担的成本。在位厂商有意识地利用低价格、过度生产能力设计、“抢占”手段等战略行为来构筑战略性进入壁垒。应对战略性进入壁垒,我国企业可采取协同竞争策略、产品差别化策略、利用“搭便车”效应和垂直约束策略。     

知识经济下的进入壁垒与技术创新

一、知识经济下的进入壁垒 　　进入壁垒是指产业内已有企业对准备进入或正在进入该产业的新企业所拥有的优势,换个角度来说,进入壁垒也就是新企业在进入该产业时所遇到的不利因素和限制。进入壁垒大小反映了新企业在进入该产业过程中所遇到困难的大小。形成进入壁垒的因素主要有：规模经济、必要资本、沉没费用、产品差别、技术优势等。由于知识经济有着一系列不同于工业经济的特征,所以在知识经济下,影响和形成进入壁垒的因素也发生了一系列的变化。 　　1.规模经济壁垒。在工业经济中,生产具有大批量、标准化、少品种的特点,因此规…     

网络效应与进入壁垒：以微软反垄断诉讼案为例

在网络效应明显的市场上，消费者预期、用户基数、网络规模等因素与正反馈效应的作用，使市场的均衡向一种具有网络优势的产品集中，最终会由这种产品主导市场。这一结果是由网络效应与进入壁垒的相互作用所产生的，网络效应抬高了市场的进入壁垒。把网络效应与进入壁垒联系起来，可以更合理地分析软件市场上的反垄断问题。     

我国银行业进入壁垒浅析

不同的产业组织理论学派对进入壁垒的理解不同,理论分歧较大。从定义来看,结构主义学派的基本立足点是相对于行业中的在位厂商来说的,进入者处于劣势的程度,而反应这种程度的则正是进入壁垒的高度或进入壁垒本身。而效率学派与可竞争市场理论的定义主要是以在位厂商与进入厂商问存在需求、成本不对称性为立足点,进入壁垒是指进入厂商必须承担而在位厂商不必承担的成本。     

核心竞争力：构筑进入壁垒的又一选择

我们常常可以发现，某些企业在某个行业内可以长期享有远超过平均水平的超额利润而不必担心潜企业的进入使得竞争加剧，最终使利润降到平均利润水平。也就是说，这些“成功”的企业能够构筑起一道对于港企业而言的难以逾越的进人壁垒。即便潜企业跨越了传统的进入壁垒，如规模经济壁垒、产品歧异壁垒、资本需求壁垒、转换成本壁垒等等。例如，树窗英特尔主义（Wintelism，Wu－dow＋Intol）产业模式就是一个极好的例子，视窗英特尔是指微软公司的Wndow视窗操作系统和英特尔公司（Intel）的芯片。在IT行业内，这两个公司由于成功地构筑了某…     

非对称竞争与企业创新——来自《公平竞争审查制度》实施的证据

“上游市场垄断、下游市场竞争”的非对称竞争格局，在一定程度上阻碍了中国产业链整体效率和创新水平的提升。随着竞争政策的深入开展，《公平竞争审查制度》有助于规制地方政策制定行为，降低行业进入壁垒、维护市场主体平等，将深刻改变非对称竞争格局。本文基于《公平竞争审查制度》实施对上下游制度性壁垒产生的差异化影响，以2011—2021年A股上市公司样本数据构造双重差分模型，考察了非对称竞争格局改变对企业研发创新决策的影响。研究结果表明：《公平竞争审查制度》能通过削弱上游制度性优势来改善非对称竞争格局，并促使上游企业增加相对创新产出。《公平竞争审查制度》既规制了制度性行业壁垒带来的“隐性补贴”,削弱了上游企业的市场势力和纵向加价能力；同时也削减了政府补助、税收优惠和信贷倾斜等“显性补贴”,增加企业成本并减弱了企业向下游转嫁成本的能力。市场压力和成本压力共同促使上游企业转向创新发展。本文为竞争政策如何影响企业创新提供了纵向视角的经验支持。     

寡占市场下的广告成因探究

依照微观经济学和产业组织理论,高度集中产业市场中的寡头厂商往往会在价格变量上形成暗中或默契的价格串谋,使产业市场处在一种“准完全垄断”的状态。广告是企业主要的非价格竞争变量之一,重复博弈的结果使得寡头厂商能够走出囚徒困境(放弃产品的广告宣传),而垄断利润的存在导致第三方潜在进入的威胁,在位寡头厂商必然会联合起来进行抵制,通过广告串谋提高市场进入壁垒。     

异质性视角的产业进入壁垒与流动壁垒——兼论我国产业管制的政策取向

企业只有具备核心能力才不会被替代,因此分析潜在企业进入产业的壁垒必须考虑对企业的能力要求。据此可将产业进入壁垒分为两类:同质性进入壁垒是阻碍潜在企业形成基本能力的因素;异质性壁垒是指阻碍行业内企业积累核心知识和能力、形成企业间异质性的共性因素,同时也是流动壁垒。政府产业管制的取向是同时消除同质性和异质性进入壁垒,尤其是后者,这将有利于避免因产业过度进入而面临的限制进入和鼓励竞争的两难冲突。     

我国产业组织的进入与退出壁垒分析

我国的产业组织目前存在着许多问题，如产业集中度低、过度竞争、市场运作绩效较差等。本文从进入、退出壁垒的角度，分析了我国产业组织产生以上问题的原因主要是进入壁垒失效和退出壁垒过多，因此，应加强政府在进入、退出方面的规制。     

The political economy of entry barriers

We study a political economy model of entry barriers. Each period the policymaker determines whether to impose a high barrier to entry, and the special interest groups try to influence the policymaker's decision. Entry is accompanied by creative destruction—when many new firms enter, old firms are more likely to be driven out of the market. Therefore the current incumbents (industry leaders) tend to lobby for a higher entry barrier and potential entrants (industry followers) are likely to lobby for a freer environment for entry. We analyze both static and dynamic versions of the model to examine what kind of environment supports a policy that blocks entry. In the dynamic model, the economy can exhibit various different dynamics. In particular, multiple steady states may arise in equilibrium.     

物流业与区域经济一体化协调发展的实证及理论解释——基于中国省级数据的分析

在分析我国物流业发展对区域经济一体化的作用机理的基础上,利用我国29个省(自治区、直辖市)的省级数据,通过相关分析与回归分析,实证研究了我国省级物流业的发展水平,检验了物流业发展水平与区域经济一体化程度之间的相关性。实证结果表明:物流业的发展水平与省际贸易壁垒之间存在负相关关系;区域经济一体化能促进物流业的发展,物流业的发展有助于降低我国省际贸易壁垒、缓解国内市场分割状况、推进省际贸易发展和实现区域经济一体化;东南沿海地区省份与中、西部地区省份在物流基础设施与贸易依存度方面存在明显差别。     

进入壁垒与石油产业组织效应

进入壁垒是影响产业组织效率的重要因素之一。对于石油产业来说,一定的进入壁垒有利于保护国家利益和社会利益,有利于避免其他企业的盲目进入,提高规模经济效益。但应对石油产业不同性质的业务加以区分,区别实行不同的进入壁垒政策。     

New Evidence of Psychological Barrier from the Oil Market

The authors examine how stock returns were affected when the oil price reached the psychological barrier of US$100 per barrel for the first time in history. Using an event study approach, 4 key results emerge. First, the authors show that a psychological barrier event in the oil market does affect stock returns. Second, they show that a psychological barrier event in the oil market is a source of return drift—a phenomenon well explained and understood with respect to nonoil news events. Third, the psychological barrier affects small/medium-sized stocks and not large stocks. Last, the authors show that successful trading strategies can be devised based on the information that the oil price psychological barrier significantly impacts the market and that it contributes to return drift.     

Entry restrictions and the determination of quality

Entry restrictions are a common form of regulation in markets and occupations, either as a means of limiting the size of a market or affecting the quality of products or services provided by it. This paper analyzes demand, cost and informational characteristics that affect the impact of this type of policies on the quality mix of products provided by an industry and the welfare of its consumers. Selective increases in the costs of entry such as licensing requirements and direct restrictions with competitive bidding for entry rights are considered. We analyze the effects of these policies on entry decisions and also the additional selection effects that are obtained when exit is allowed for and the rights to participate in an industry can be freely traded.     

Permit Trading and Credit Trading: A Comparison of Cap-Based and Rate-Based Emissions Trading Under Perfect and Imperfect Competition

This paper compares emissions trading based on a cap on total emissions (permit trading) and on relative standards per unit of output (credit trading). Two types of market structure are considered: perfect competition and Cournot oligopoly. We find that output, abatement costs and the number of firms are higher under credit trading. Allowing trade between permit-trading and credit-trading sectors may increase welfare. With perfect competition, permit trading always leads to higher welfare than credit trading. With imperfect competition, credit trading may outperform permit trading. Environmental policy can lead to exit, but also to entry of firms. Entry and exit have a profound impact on the performance of the schemes, especially under imperfect competition. We find that it may be impossible to implement certain levels of total industry emissions. Under credit trading several levels of the relative standard can achieve the same total level of emissions.     

发达国家行业协会与技术性贸易壁垒

入世后,我国面临的技术性贸易壁垒问题日益严重,而发达国家行业协会等非政府组织在其中起着重要的作用。本文以WTO条件下的“隐蔽市场战略”为大背景,论述了发达国家行业协会在技术性贸易壁垒活动中的作用和特点,指示了发达国家行业协会同技术性贸易壁垒的相互关系,并提出了我国必须尽快建立统一协调、以市场为主导的行业协会动态运行机制等政策建议。     

Last bank standing: What do I gain if you fail?

Banks attitude towards speculative lending is typically regarded as the result of trading-off the short-term gains from risk-taking against the risk of loss of charter value. We study the trade-off between stability and competition in a dynamic setting where charter value depends on future market competition. Promoting the takeover of failed banks by solvent institutions results in greater market concentration and larger rents for the surviving incumbents. This converts banks’ speculative lending decisions into strategic substitutes, granting an additional incentive to remain solvent. Entry policy may subsequently serve to fine-tune the trade-off between competition and stability.     

INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE AND NATIONAL ENTRY POLICY

Abstract.  This paper analyses entry policy in an open economy using an intra-industry trade model. Entry policy is the policy by which a government regulates the number of firms in the country. Implementation of this policy is accompanied by subsidies. In this paper, only one country implements this policy and the other country does not enforce any regulations. We show that the national entry policy makes both countries better off than they would be at the market equilibrium if a certain condition is met. This means that national entry policy is not necessarily a beggar-thy-neighbour policy.