产业结构变迁与城乡居民收入差距

产业结构升级是经济增长的动力,缩小城乡居民收入差距是经济平稳发展的必要保障,研究二者的关系有助于实现保增长和促公平的双目标.本文基于1992—2014年中国省际面板数据构建PVAR模型,从产业结构高级化和合理化两个维度,研究了产业结构变迁与城乡居民收入差距的关系.研究结果表明:产业结构变迁与城乡居民收入差距之间的关系在长期更显著;产业结构高级化和合理化均有利于缩小城乡居民收入差距,但就长期而言,产业结构高级化对缩小城乡居民收入差距的作用更大.     

立足以人为本发展思想 缩小收入分配差距

解决我国当前的收入差距问题，需要全面领会和把握以人为本的发展思想，并在此基础上重新诠释经济发展中的社会公平内涵，确立“效率公平并重”发展原则，使经济增长和消除贫困、缩小收入差距统一于以人为本的发展实践当中。     

构建效率与公平相统一的收入分配体制研究

我国改革开放以来,国民经济快速发展,社会财富大幅增长,人民生活水平总体上得到了提高.但同时随之出现了收入分配不公平、居民之间收入差距过大以及差距不断扩大的现象.为解决这一问题,关键在于处理好效率与公平之间的关系,实现公平与效率的统一与结合;在国民收入的初次分配和再分配中都要处理好效率和公平的关系,再分配更加注重公平;深化现有收入分配制度改革,建立效率与公平相统一的收入分配体制,缩小过大收入差距,实现分配公平.     

因患寡,而患不均——中国的收入差距、投资、教育和增长的相互影响

本文结合联立方程模型和分布滞后模型,研究了收入差距、投资、教育和经济增长的相互影响。研究发现:(1)收入差距在即期对投资有非常强的负面影响,之后影响变为正,再逐渐下降至微弱的负,从长期来看,收入差距对投资的累积影响始终为负;(2)收入差距对教育的影响较弱,其累积影响始终为正;(3)由于投资对于经济增长的作用超过了教育,因此收入差距对于经济增长的间接影响主要来自于投资的渠道。从累积效应来看,收入差距对于经济增长始终呈现出负的影响。同时,我们也发现,经济增长有利于降低收入差距。因此,控制收入差距有利于经济增长,并反过来有利于缩小收入差距,从而可能实现平等与增长相协调的目标。     

保险业对“经济增长—城乡收入差距”非线性动力系统的影响

本文运用2004—2013年季度数据建立经济增长与城乡收入差距的非线性动力系统模型,引入保险业发展与产寿险结构作为控制变量,较为全面、系统地研究和比较了该经济系统的不同控制方案。研究发现,我国经济增长与城乡收入差距存在长期均衡的非线性关系;寿险业发展会抑制经济增长,并扩大城乡收入差距,财险业发展可以促进经济增长,同时缩小城乡收入差距;如果扩大财险业相对于寿险业的规模,会缩小城乡收入差距,促进经济增长;引入稳定度的最优控制可以有效缩短控制时间,但也会产生较高控制力度与社会福利损失。通过比较不同控制措施和控制方案,本文建议通过控制产寿险结构可以在较短时间内以较低控制成本实现经济增长与城乡收入差距的控制目标。     

个人所得税影响城镇居民收入差距的实证分析

一个社会的收入分配问题,不但反映了经济增长为各阶层带来的福利的丰裕状况,而且关系到效率和公平这两大社会经济福利准则的实现。本文从征税前后基尼系数、平均税率以及建立回归模型等角度分析了个人所得税对城镇居民收入分配差距的调节作用。分析发现：我国城镇居民收入分配差距呈扩大趋势;个人所得税对缩小居民收入差距有良好的促进作用,但是这种正向调节作用从2002年才开始显现;通过提高个税起征点、调整税率,对高收入阶层课以重税,同时增加低收入阶层的可支配收入,是改善目前收入分配不平等状况行之有效的措施。     

城乡收入差距的金融结构影响实证分析

金融发展促进经济增长,其不均衡发展势必会影响城乡经济发展的不均衡,城乡经济发展的不均衡最终会导致城乡居民收入不均衡。选择1978—2008年全国农村金融发展指标、城市化率、城乡就业差异以及城乡收入差距指标等经济和社会因素指标共同构建VAR计量模型进行的分析表明:农村金融规模的扩大有利于城乡差距的缩小,说明农村金融规模的总量对农村经济有一定的推动作用。农村金融发展效率指标与城乡收入差距正相关,金融效率拉大了城乡收入差距。金融对于乡镇中小企业的金融支持能够有效地缩小城乡收入差距,长期以来,乡镇企业没有能够得到金融的有效支持,这在一定程度上也限制了农民的增收,也就限制了乡镇企业在缩小城乡收入差距的过程作用的发挥。     

公平与效率的关系对收入分配的影响

效率优先、兼顾公平的分配原则,对促进我国经济发展、提高人民生活水平发挥了非常重要的作用。20多年后的今天,在收入总体水平提高的同时,居民收入差距也不断扩大,这给整个经济社会的和谐发展带来了较大的影响。在努力创建和谐社会的今天,调整收入分配制度,缩小收入差距已势在必行。     

税收如何调节我国贫富两极分化

自改革开放以来,我国经济状况已明显好转,但我国公民的收入水平仍有些落后,我国贫富两极分化日益扩大。因此缩小居民收入分配差距是我国经济发展面临的重要问题,对于收入的分配我们既要讲求效率,又要兼顾公平。而税收是国家有效调节收入分配的重要工具之一,税收能对国民收入进行再分配,从而弥补市场经济作用下初次分配结果的不足,使社会财富的分配更具合理性,缩小收入差距,促进经济平稳快速发展。当前建立科学的系统的税制体系,提高税收调节我国收入分配不均的针对性及有效性,控制贫富差距扩大,促使收入分配更加公平、公正是我国保持经济发展、维护社会稳定的当务之急。     

中国省际城乡收入差距的来源贡献度分析

中国各省市城乡收入差距在1997～2009年总体呈上升趋势,经济欠发达省市较沿海省市城乡收入差距问题更严重。收入差距来源分解结果显示:工资性收入差距对城乡收入差距的贡献度最高,经营性收入和转移性收入差距的贡献度呈现此消彼长的趋势,财产性收入差距影响微乎其微。缩小城乡收入差距的主要措施是提高教育水平的同时,保证实现城乡教育公平、城乡公共服务均等化和有序稳定推进城市化进程。     

财政分权、城乡收入差距与经济增长

利用1994年分税制后的经验数据,本文估计了一个包含增长方程、城乡收入差距方程和财政支出方程的联立方程模型,来估算财政分权对经济增长和城乡收入差距的影响。研究结果表明,财政分权使地方政府的财政支出显著增加,但财政支出的增加并不必然有利于经济增长和拉大城乡收入差距。如果在地方财政支出水平上升的同时,使科学教育和农业支出,特别是科学教育支出在总支出中的比重得以增加,将有可能在保持经济高增长的同时,使城乡收入差距得以缩小。     

Trade,growth and income redistribution: A case study of India

The concern of this exercise is with the effectiveness of trade policies and their assessment in achieving economic growth and income equality. A link between growth and equality is provided through employment. If there is substantial increase in employment, the inequality of income distribution is likely to be reduced. Thus, trade by bringing about higher levels of production and employment may reduce income inequality. We have applied a closed input-output model to the Indian data to estimate the interrelationships between trade, growth and income redistribution. It has been found that employment opportunities could be raised substantially through redistribution as well as through export promotion in developing countries such as India, if capital and foreign exchange constraints are not binding. Import substitution, however, does not turn out to be as effective a strategy to achieve these goals.     

当前的收入分配差距问题不容忽视

我国收入差距过大考验着经济增长的公平性，要正确认识库兹涅茨的倒U曲线假说，不能将其作为政府对于收入差距过大问题不作为的借口。当前，应该高度警惕收入分配不平等对经济增长的负面影响。     

经济发展和改革的历史性变化与增长方式的根本转变

我国经济发展和经济改革进展到新的历史阶段,向我们提出了一系列特殊的发展命题和改革命题。处理这种特殊的命题,重要的在于转变经济增长方式,经济增长方式的转变首先在于技术创新,而技术创新的根本又在于制度创新。技术创新和制度创新推动下的经济增长方式的转变,关键是使效率提高成为增长的首要动力。以效率为持续增长的首要动力,需要处理的重要矛盾是收入分配差距的扩大,因为在一定条件下,效率与公平之间往往会存在深刻的矛盾。对于收入分配差距的扩大,则应根据不同的原因,采取不同的相应的措施,以更妥善地协调公平与效率的关系。     

An empirical investigation of long-run growth in the UK

In this paper the long-run growth of the UK economy is analysed over the period 1855–1997, using a Markov-switching cointegration approach. We find that long-run economic growth can be explained by two permanent shocks, namely a technological shock and a labour supply shock. While technological progress seems to have a positive impact on the wage share and on income equality, the labour supply shock has the opposite effect, contributing to income inequality. Both shocks have a positive impact on aggregate output, but the bulk of long-run output growth variability is explained by the labour supply shock, suggesting that inequality is not harmful to growth.     

The Distribution of Human Capital and Economic Growth

This paper analyzes the interaction between the distributionof human capital, technological progress, and economic growth.It argues that the composition of human capital is an importantfactor in the determination of the pattern of economic development.The study demonstrates that the evolutionary pattern of the humancapital distribution, the income distribution, and economic growthare determined simultaneously by the interplay between a local home environment externality and a global technologicalexternality. In early stages of development the local home environmentexternality is the dominating factor and hence the distributionof income becomes polarized; whereas in mature stages of developmentthe global technological externality dominates and the distributionof income ultimately contracts. Polarization, in early stagesof development may be a necessary ingredient for future economicgrowth. An economy that prematurely implements a policy designedto enhance equality may be trapped at a low stage of development.An underdeveloped economy, which values equality as well as prosperity,may confront a trade-off between equality in the short-run followedby equality and stagnation in the long-run, and inequality inthe short-run followed by equality and prosperity in the longrun.     

Income inequality and economic growth

Despite the extensive existing literature on income inequality and economic growth, there remains considerable disagreement on the effect of inequality on economic growth. Existing literatures find either a positive or a negative relationship. In this paper, we attempt to theoretically examine that relationship with a stochastic optimal growth model. We make the disagreement clear within a single model. We conclude (i) that both are possible – that is, higher inequality can retard growth in the early stage of economic development, and can encourage growth in a near steady state, (ii) that income redistribution by high income tax does not always reduce income inequality. Income inequality can be reduced by higher income tax in a near steady state, but it cannot be reduced in the early stage of economic development, and (iii) that two government polices – rapid economic growth and low income inequality – can be achieved by low income tax in the early stage of economic development, but both cannot be achieved simultaneously in a near steady state.     

Household Income Inequality and Income Mobility: Implications Towards Equalizing Longer-Term Incomes in India

This paper addresses three important questions. First, what are the trends, levels and sources of income inequality in India? Second, how have been the patterns of income mobility? And finally, exploring the relationship between income mobility and income inequality in the context of India. Results, based on recent India Human Development Survey (IHDS) longitudinal data, advocate that not only is income inequality very high, nonetheless, it has increased – mainly attributable to different income sources – in India. The paper also focused on whether or not this income mobility equalizes longer-term incomes. Results suggest income mobility has resulted in-albeit not robust- equalizing longer-term incomes. Thus, based on imperative findings, the paper suggests, the nature of longer-term well-being is crucial to designing policy interventions to effectively tackle inequality and in this context, economic mobility can be seen as an avenue to long-term equality.     

Population increase,economic growth,educational inequality,and income distribution: some recent evidence

The relationship between population increase, economic growth, education and income inequality was examined in a cross-section study based on data from 26 developing and 2 developed countries. As other studies have noted, high population growth is associated with a less equal income distribution. A 1 percentage point reduction in the rate of population growth tends to raise the income share of the poorest 80% in the less developed world by almost 5 percentage points and is associated with a 1.7 percentage point increase in the income share of the poorest 40%. The relationship between short-run income growth and equality, on the other hand, is strong and positive. Estimates suggest that a 1 percentage point increase in the short-run rate of growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) increases the income share of the bottom 80% by about 2 percentage points and that of the poorest 40% by almost 1 percentage point. Although higher mean schooling appears to be a mild equalizer, educational inequality does not appear to have an adverse effect on income distribution. Overall, these results challenge the widely held belief that there must be a growth-equity trade-off. Moreover, they suggest that the impact of educational inequality on income distribution may be different from that observed in earlier studies, implying a need for caution in using these earlier results as a basis for educational policy development.     

Has Globalization Increased Inequality?*

There is no shortage of theories that purport to explain why globalization may have adverse, insignificant, or even beneficial effects on income and earnings inequality. Surprisingly, the empirical realities remain an almost complete mystery. In this paper, we use data on industrial wage inequality, household income inequality as well as measures of the economic, social and political dimensions of globalization to examine this controversial issue. Overall, while we find that globalization has exacerbated inequality; this is particularly true in the case of income inequality in OECD countries.