再购房潜在动机如何影响住房的财富效应?——基于城镇住户大样本调查数据的微观层面分析

文章利用我国国家统计局2002-2009年的城镇住户大样本抽样调查数据,重新测定了住房价格对自有住房家庭消费倾向的影响效应,提出了我国居民较强的再购房动机是导致住房财富效应为负的重要原因这一假说。文章重点探究了家庭再购房的三大潜在动机——为子女购买婚房、住房置换更新以及投资性购房对我国城镇家庭消费—房价弹性的影响,实证结果证实了我们的研究假说。文章的研究结论为认识和把握我国城镇居民消费特点以及消费与房价之间的关系提供了一个重要的新视角。     

中国住房的双重属性:消费和投资的视角

本文基于住房消费和投资的双重属性,通过构建跨期消费效用和投资组合模型,分析了住房价格影响家庭消费的微观机制,并基于中国房地产市场的特性,建立了针对家庭差异以及区域差异的住房—消费关系的理论假设,利用城镇居民的微观调研数据和区域宏观数据进行了实证检验。本文发现,对于住房所有者而言,由于住房消费和投资的双重属性,及其难以分割性,拥有住房不仅需要支付住房使用成本,同时也需要支付住房投资的机会成本,而两者的相对值是影响住房—消费关系的重要因素。在此基础上,本文发现住房价格对单套和多套住房家庭消费的影响相对一致,但是却呈现出明显的区域差异,这与中国住房市场普遍缺乏房产税,住房价格波动区域差异显著的特点相一致。     

住房市场调控新政能够实现“居者有其屋”吗?——一个动态一般均衡的理论分析

我们建立了一个包括买房和租房决策的DSGE模型,计算房价和房租的动态轨迹,分析六种住房调控政策的影响:提高贷款利率、提高首付比例、对新购房征收房产税、对存量房征收房产税、对小户型免税和对大户型征税。数值模拟发现,这些调控政策通过抑制住房消费来降低房价,把购房需求转化为租房需求,从而推高了房租。其中,对新购房征税的效果最小,只能轻微降低房价,却显著推高房租;而对存量房征税会对房价、地价和房租产生极大冲击。     

中低收入群体住房消费融资渠道选择

面对住房价格飞涨的状况,中低收入家庭的购房愿望更加难以实现。让中低收入群体尤其是困难家庭实现自己的安居梦,是政府不可推卸的责任。尽管政府已经做出了很多努力,但为了更有效地解决中低收入群体住房消费的问题,应以政府为主体,进一步拓宽低收入群体住房消费的融资渠道。     

基于动态房价收入比的住房支付能力分析

不同的收入群体具有不同的住房消费需求和消费能力.国际通用的房价收入比一般从静态上衡量居民购房支付能力,而忽略从动态上评价居民的实际购房支付能力.本文用上海市的实际数据对房价收入比进行修正,计算出的结果比较真实地反映出不同支付能力群体的不同的住房需求和支付能力,为房地产开发和政府制定差别化的住房政策提供依据.     

房价压力、房租负担与人口持久性迁移意愿

人口的持久性迁移意愿直接影响人口流向以及城镇规模的变化,要改变中国城镇规模结构不合理的现状,关键是引导人口的迁移方向。本文重点研究住房价格对人口持久性迁移意愿的影响,将住房价格对人口迁移意愿的影响细化为购房与租房两方面,采用房价收入比和房租收入比等作为变量进行经验研究,结果发现：房价收入比和房租收入比对人口持久性迁移意愿的影响均显著;相对于收入水平而言,住房的销售价格已经进入抑制人口持久性迁移意愿的阶段,而住房的租赁价格尚未进入抑制人口持久性迁移意愿的阶段。因而,可以利用住房市场价格对人口持久性迁移意愿的影响来引导人口流向,因城施策合理选择住房保障的范围和方式,使住房政策成为引导人口迁移的手段。     

关于我国开征房产税的思考

为了抑制不断上扬的房价,解决土地出让金以及进一步挤占耕地等问题,房产税改革势必进行。从试点城市重庆房产税改革实施的进度中,我们看到房产税对于房价控制效果并不明显,房产税的实施改变了购房结构,也发现房产税税收制度不完善等问题。针对这些问题我提出了建立和完善税收制度、开征"空置住宅税"等建议,希望房产税能尽快完善,让房产税发挥最大的作用。     

房产税改革再思考

上海市和重庆市房产税改革试点反映了地方政府取得公共收入的诉求。但是,试点方案中房产税的性质未尽明确,税制设计与实现完善税制、稳定房价、调节收入分配以及引导住房消费等政策目标存在一定程度的偏离。此外,对个人住房征收房产税与现行房产税的法律依据并不一致,易于引起纳税人对房产税法律规范性的质疑,导致税收不遵从行为的发生。对于我国而言,房产税改革应当在规范和整合房地产租、税、费体系和逐步完善税收征管环境的基础上按照税收公共化的要求稳步推进,避免改革引起的社会成本抵消相对有限的税收收入所带来的财政损失。     

住房价格、人力资本与城镇居民消费——基于我国35个大中城市的实证研究

本文基于2008—2018年我国35个大中城市的面板数据,研究在人力资本视角下住房价格对城镇居民消费的影响。研究结果表明：住房价格上涨能促进城镇居民消费需求,人力资本在住房价格和城镇居民消费之间存在显著的部分中介效应,人力资本和住房价格总体上对城镇居民消费有正向促进作用。本文将我国35个大中城市按照房价水平进行聚类,发现住房价格、人力资本与城镇居民消费之间存在区域差异。房价较低的三类城市与房价较高的一二类城市相比较,人力资本在住房价格和城镇居民消费之间的中介效应更显著。研究结果对促进我国住房市场健康平稳发展和国民经济持续稳定增长具有重要意义。     

论地方政府财政收入的结构、困境和转型

在开征房产税的前提下,应适当提高征地补偿标准,但在出让环节实现零成本或低成本供地,一者此举可以保障失地农民利益,二者使地方政府在获得房产税收入后放弃对土地财政的依赖,三者降低房地产商拿地成本、切实降低房价水平,让买房者在负担房产税前提下减少购房成本支出。     

Impact of government intervention in the housing market: evidence from the housing purchase restriction policy in China

In 2010, a housing purchase restriction policy was announced by China’s central government and implemented gradually by several prefecture governments. In this article, we empirically investigate this policy’s effect on the housing market. Using a difference-in-difference framework, we show that the housing purchase restriction policy reduces housing prices and transaction amounts but does not influence the housing investment or construction markets. Moreover, upstream industry suffers more than downstream industry. The results are robust to a battery of robustness checks. Heterogeneity exists across cities. We find that first- and second-tier cities as well as highly urbanized cities experience great declines in housing prices after the policy’s implementation, especially cites that had high housing prices in 2010 and cities with high real estate investment as a proportion of fixed asset investment. However, the housing policy is less effective in curbing speculative demand.     

Housing prices and tenure choice with asymmetric taxes and progressivity

This paper studies the effects of tax schedule changes on prices and tenure choice in the housing market. It is shown that, given the present asymmetric treatment of owner-occupants vs. renters, an increase in the degree of progressivity is likely to lead to an increasein the prices of both owner-occupied and rental housing. A numerical example indicates that the effects may be quite large. Equilibrium prices are calculated based on the actual Swedish income tax schedules for 1971 and 1979. According to these simulations the tax changes that took place between these years caused the price of owner-occupied houses to increase by around 30 percent, and the rent level to increase by 2 or 3 percent.     

Credit constraints,inelastic supply,and the housing boom

In this paper, I develop a dynamic general equilibrium model to study the sensitivity of house price changes with respect to credit constraints. I find that house prices are sensitive to changes of the down payment requirements if owner-occupied houses and rental houses are inelastically supplied. I then use the model to evaluate the housing boom during the 1995–2005 time period. I find that, under the assumption that owner-occupied housing and rental housing cannot be converted to each other, the increase in real household income and the decline in down payment requirements can explain a large fraction of the observed house price and price–rent ratio changes during the 1995–2005 time period. However, the model fails to match the interest rate changes during the 1995–2005 period.     

On the user cost and homeownership

This paper studies the differences in the cost of housing services for renters and homeowners and calculates the bias that results when we value owner-occupied housing services using a rental equivalence approach. Our framework is a life-cycle model with endogenous tenure choice with households facing idiosyncratic uninsurable earnings risk and housing price risk. We model houses as illiquid assets that provide collateral for loans. To analyze the impact of preferential housing taxation on the tenure choice and the bias, we consider a tax system that mimics that of the US economy. Namely, owner-occupied housing services are not taxed and mortgage interest payments are deductible. Through simulations, we show that a rental equivalence approach (relative to a user cost approach) overestimates the cost of housing services. The magnitude of the bias is very sensitive to both the income tax rate and the size of adjustment costs in the housing market.     

住房保障与财富效应逆转——基于平滑转换回归方法的实证分析

本文采取非线性的平滑转换回归方法,对我国保障房供给影响财富效应的程度进行了研究,结果表明:保障房的供给会使得房地产价格的财富效应发生V型逆转,即当保障房供给处于低水平阶段时,房地产价格的财富效应为负向,房价上涨会抑制消费增加;当保障房供给处于高水平阶段时,房地产价格具有正向的财富效应,房价上涨促进消费增加。这说明存在一个保障房供给的最低门槛,只有跨越这个门槛,才能有利于发挥房地产价格的财富效应,进而促进消费。从对全国各省份的数据分析发现,西部地区的大部分省份已经跨越了保障房供给的最低门槛,而东部地区较多的省份,连续几年都低于这个门槛值。因此,应积极建立健全保障性安居工程的融资机制,合理协调好保障房与商品房用地之间的关系,进而促进消费。     

公共租赁房:我国保障性住房供应体系的核心

选择合适的住房保障模式是制度得以成功实施的关键.我国目前基本形成了以廉租房、公共租赁房、经济适用房为主的多层次保障性住房供应体系,虽然有一定的合理性,但也存在许多弊端,如制度内部分割形成“夹心层”、保障水平与收入水平倒置、加大地方政府管理难度等.借鉴国际经验,结合国内现实的分析结果显示公共租赁房成为我国保障性住房供应体系的核心是一种理性选择.     

Testing for rational bubbles in the US housing market

The presence of a bubble in the US housing market prior to the 2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis is investigated. This is done by looking into the relationship between house prices and rental prices, known as the price–rent ratio, which is an important measure of a potential deviation between house prices and its fundamental value. Additionally, the interest rate is taken into account since it is an important factor in determining demand for housing mortgages and thereby influencing house prices, and explosive behavior of house prices is considered. These relationships are investigated through a theoretical and econometrical framework. The empirical evidence suggests that there was a bubble in the housing market prior to the financial crisis, even when controlling for the decreasing interest rate and the fundamental information given by the rental price in the period. Explosiveness was the main source of the price increase, such that a bubble was present in the housing market after correcting for other fundamental factors. The econometric procedures used in the analysis may therefore be relevant for monitoring the housing market.     

抑制我国房地产市场过度投机的政策研究

房价的过快上涨引起了社会的普遍关注,如何抑制房价的过度波动成为政府管理的重要目标。从中国房价的实际来看,很多研究者认为是投机推动了房价的较大波动。中国房价的上涨已经无法用价值规律和其他经济学原理来加以解释,很多城市的房价收入比和房屋租售比远远超过国际警戒线,如此离谱的涨幅背后,房地产投机炒作行为功不可没,抑制投机成为关键的手段。利用有关模型,本文分析了投机动力的产生机理,并且研究了房地产市场中过度投机产生的原因,包括投机的进入门槛低,地方政府、住宅房产的特性和不完善的租赁市场等对投机的影响等。根据这些诱因,从防止出现金融危机和削弱投机动力降低投机预期收益的角度,可能的政策组合包括建立和完善保降性住房政策、改革政绩考核指标、完善税制结构、取消预售制度或建立预售款第三方托管制度和完善租赁市场等。     

You can take it with you: Proposition 13 tax benefits,residential mobility,and willingness to pay for housing amenities

The endogeneity of prices has long been recognized as the main identification problem in the estimation of marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for the characteristics of a given product. This issue is particularly important in the housing market, since a number of housing and neighborhood features are unobserved by the econometrician. This paper proposes the use of a well defined type of transaction costs–moving costs generated by property tax laws–to deal with this type of omitted variable bias. California's Proposition 13 property tax law is the source of variation in transaction costs used in the empirical analysis. Beyond its fiscal consequences, Proposition 13 created a lock-in effect on housing choice because of the implicit tax break enjoyed by homeowners living in the same house for a long time. Its importance to homeowners is estimated from a natural experiment created by two amendments that allow households headed by an individual over the age of 55 to transfer the implicit tax benefit to a new home. Indeed, 55-year old homeowners have 25% higher moving rates than those of comparable 54 year olds. These transaction costs from the property tax laws are then incorporated into a household sorting model. The key insight is that because of the property tax laws, different potential buyers may have different user costs for the same house. The exogenous property tax component of this user cost is then used as an instrumental variable. I find that MWTP estimates for housing characteristics are approximately 100% upward biased when the choice model does not account for the price endogeneity.     

Consumption over the life cycle: How different is housing?

Micro data over the life cycle show different patterns for consumption for housing and non-housing goods: The consumption profile of non-housing goods is hump-shaped, while the consumption profile for housing first increases monotonically and then flattens out. These patterns hold true at each consumption quartile. This paper develops a quantitative, dynamic, general equilibrium model of life-cycle behavior, that generates consumption profiles consistent with the observed data. Borrowing constraints are essential in explaining the accumulation of housing stock early in life, while transaction costs are crucial in generating the slow downsizing of the housing stock later in life.