基于随机前沿生产函数的中国工业R&D效率分析

长期以来,中国工业产业R&D效率问题一直没有得到深入研究.本文以中国工业的37个行业为研究对象,利用随机前沿生产函数考察了从1998年到2002年5年期间的中国工业R&D效率问题.研究结果表明:中国工业R&D效率总体水平低下,有很大的提升空间;工业企业R&D效率与前期投入成正比,而与行业竞争强度成反比;工业行业的R&D效率可能主要与其市场结构有关,而与该行业中的主要企业是否国有企业无关;中国工业R&D效率的高低不仅与行业的市场结构有关,而且与政府的支持方式也有联系.本文研究结果的重要政策含义是,中国如果要继续保持经济的较高速度增长,必须采取有力措施积极提高中国工业R&D的总体效率水平.     

R＆D存量、知识函数与生产效率

本文运用中国大中型工业企业行业的面板数据，在测算R＆D资本存量的基础上，构建了知识生产函数模型，进而研究了知识生产的性质及其影响因素。本文的主要发现为：（1）在知识生产中，R＆D人员比资本做出了更大的贡献，且知识生产过程表现出规模报酬不变或递减的特征；（2）企业规模和绩效水平对知识生产效率没有显著的影响作用；（3）国有产权对知识生产效率具有负效应。     

基于随机前沿生产函数的我国烟草企业效率分析

本文选取12家烟草企业作为研究对象,利用随机前沿生产函数考察了从2001年到2005年5年期间的烟草企业生产效率.研究结果表明:中国烟草企业之间的生产效率差异并不大;企业规模与企业的生产效率呈正比例关系.本文研究结果的重要政策含义是,如果继续提高烟草企业的生产效率,就必须打破企业间的市场分割,深化企业间的联合重组,保持企业的适度规模.     

基于随机前沿生产函数的我国主要省市人力资本与R＆D投资效率实证检验

人力资本和R&D投资一方面促进了经济增长,另一方面又增强了科研主体对外部技术的吸收能力,推动了知识与技术的扩散。本文基于随机前沿生产函数,利用1998—2007年中国29个省市共290个观测数据,通过引入人力资本和R&D投资两个参数,分析人力资本和R&D投资对生产力的直接影响和通过提高技术吸收能力对技术效率的间接影响。结果表明:人力资本在诠释地区间效率差异中扮演着极其重要的角色,它不仅直接影响生产力的提高,而且还通过提高技术吸收能力从而间接影响技术效率;R&D投资对技术效率有重要影响,而对生产力的直接影响并不强。     

基于随机前沿生产函数和DEA的云南马铃薯种植效率分析

为了测定和比较云南马铃薯的种植效率,通过对云南马铃薯主要种植地区农户的投入产出调查,采用柯布—道格拉斯型随机前沿生产模型测定了技术效率,采用规模收益不变、最小成本的DEA模型测定了配置效率和成本效率,并提出相应建议。     

中国省际工业全要素R＆D效率和影响因素：1999—2007

本文通过建立全要素R＆D效率估算框架,对1999—2007年省级大中型工业全要素R＆D效率及其组成全要素R＆D资本效率和全要素R＆D人员效率的变化特点和影响因素进行了分析。研究发现：中国大中型工业全要素R＆D效率和全要素R＆D资本效率除了在2002—2003年出现下降以外,其余年份都是上升的,并且保持东部〉中部〉西部;全要素R＆D人员效率在2005年以后呈东部〉西部〉中部;要素禀赋和产权变量是促进全要素R＆D效率提高的主要因素;企业规模扩大和R＆D投入则起了抑制作用;R＆D投入与FDI的交互项对全要素R＆D效率的提高有抑制作用。     

规模化养殖对我国肉鸡生产效率的影响——基于随机前沿生产函数的实证分析

采用随机前沿方法,利用2004—2010年我国24个省份的肉鸡生产数据,实证分析了规模化养殖对我国肉鸡生产效率的影响,并对不同养殖规模的肉鸡生产效率进行了测度和比较。结果显示:规模化养殖很大程度上提高了我国肉鸡生产效率,中规模养殖使肉鸡生产效率提高了16.89%,大规模养殖使肉鸡生产效率提高了57.62%;我国肉鸡生产效率的地区差异较大,且南方地区不同养殖规模的肉鸡生产效率存在显著差异,而北方地区的这种差异较小;标准化规模养殖程度不高是南方地区的肉鸡生产效率总体偏低且不同养殖规模的肉鸡生产效率存在较大差异的主要原因。     

技术进步、技术效率与我国乡镇企业增长——基于随机前沿生产函数的分析框架

本文在运用中国1990～2005年间省际平衡面板数据的基础上,采用考虑非效率项的非中性技术进步随机前沿生产函数模型,分析了我国各省区乡镇企业的规模报酬、技术效率和技术进步。主要结论如下：在乡镇企业的发展过程中,资本产出弹性不断接近甚至有超过劳动产出弹性的趋势,呈现“资本深化”的态势;整个规模报酬略大于1,这表明适当扩大乡镇企业经营规模存在着规模经济效应;而整体平均技术效率水平逐年递增,技术进步率则逐年下降。在此基础上,提出了相关政策建议,以期能够对实现我国乡镇企业的可持续发展有所裨益。     

技术进步、技术效率与我国乡镇企业增长——基于随机前沿生产函数的分析框架

本文在运用中国1990～2005年间省际平衡面板数据的基础上,采用考虑非效率项的非中性技术进步随机前沿生产函数模型,分析了我国各省区乡镇企业的规模报酬、技术效率和技术进步.主要结论如下:在乡镇企业的发展过程中,资本产出弹性不断接近甚至有超过劳动产出弹性的趋势,呈现"资本深化"的态势;整个规模报酬略大于1,这表明适当扩大乡镇企业经营规模存在着规模经济效应;而整体平均技术效率水平逐年递增,技术进步事则逐年下降.在此基础上,提出了相关政策建议,以期能够对实现我国乡镇企业的可持续发展有所裨益.     

中国工业行业的技术创新效率研究——基于随机前沿模型

笔者以2003年～2008年中国工业37个细分行业大中型企业的面板数据为基础,运用随机前沿模型,以工业新产品产值为创新产出,研发人员全时当量和研发资本存量为投入,对影响创新效率的因素进行了探讨。发现了影响创新效率的4个因素:市场化率,工程师占科技人员的比重,政府资金的比例和科技人员占从业人员的比重。研究表明:各分行业的技术创新效率有明显的差别,制造业创新效率最高,采掘业其次,最后是水电气业。     

企业所有权性质与研发效率——基于随机前沿函数的高技术产业实证研究

本文运用随机前沿生产函数分别对我国高技术产业中国有及国有控股企业和三资企业的研发效率进行了度量,着重度量了企业规模、市场结构、出口、消化吸收经费投入等因素对该产业不同所有权性质企业研发效率的影响。通过企业所有权性质与研发效率的对比分析发现,国有企业研发效率整体偏低,但近年呈上升趋势,企业规模、市场竞争和消化吸收经费投入与该类企业研发效率显著正相关;三资企业电子及通信设备制造业研发效率近年来出现下降趋势,消化吸收费用对其研发效率提高作用不显著。     

How does public spending affect technical efficiency? Some evidence from 15 European countries

The relationship between government size and economic growth has been widely debated. Revisiting the subject from a distinct angle with respect to the mainstream approach, we provide an empirical analysis of the impact of government size on technical efficiency. The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of public sector's size and of public expenditure components on 15 European countries’ technical efficiency from 1996 to 2014 by using a True Random Effect model. Using the total public expenditure as a proxy for the government size we estimate simultaneously national optimal production function and technical efficiency by controlling for income distribution and institutional quality. Our main findings show that the effect of public sector's size on efficiency is positive while the type of public expenditures may have both positive and negative impact. In more details, results suggest that education and health expenditures have a positive effect on technical efficiency, while others have a negative impact.     

R&D efficiency and heterogeneity – a latent class application for the OECD

Expenditures devoted to research and development (R&D) are scarce and thus need to be used as efficiently as possible given the financial constraints countries are facing. This article assesses the relative efficiency of R&D expenditures for 26 OECD member countries and two nonmember countries. As countries differ in their national innovation systems and states of economic development and industrialization, e.g. transition economies in Eastern Europe versus Asian countries versus Anglo-Saxon countries, the measurement of R&D efficiency needs to consider differences in the technology of knowledge production. By means of a latent class model for stochastic frontiers, we relax the assumption of a homogeneous technology frontier and model technological differences in knowledge production among countries. Empirical evidence suggests the existence of different classes stressing the importance of accounting for countries’ disparities within R&D efficiency analysis.     

我国电子及通信设备制造业研发转化效率的实证分析——基于随机前沿生产函数

运用随机前沿分析法测算了2000—2010年我国电子及通信设备制造业的研发转化效率,并分析了市场结构、企业规模、政府扶持力度和技术改造能力对我国电子及通信设备制造业研发转化效率的影响。研究结果表明:2000—2010年期间,我国电子及通信设备制造业的研发转化效率呈稳步增长趋势,但总体水平仍较低;市场结构、企业规模以及技术改造能力对研发转化效率的影响显著,而政府扶持力度对研发转化效率的作用不明显。最后,提出提升我国电子及通信设备制造业研发转化效率的政策建议。     

Neoclassical versus Frontier Production Models? Testing for the Skewness of Regression Residuals*

The empirical literature on production and cost functions is divided into two strands. The neoclassical approach concentrates on model parameters, while the frontier approach decomposes the disturbance term to a symmetric noise term and a positively skewed inefficiency term. We propose a theoretical justification for the skewness of the inefficiency term, arguing that this skewness is the key testable hypothesis of the frontier approach. We propose to test the regression residuals for skewness in order to distinguish the two competing approaches. Our test builds directly upon the asymmetry of regression residuals and does not require any prior distributional assumptions.     

Regulation and efficiency in transition: the case of Romanian banks

Using disaggregated panel data for the period 1996–2002, this paper estimates the cost efficiency of Romanian banks and relates it to regulation implemented by the National Bank of Romania. We estimate efficiency using a model that combines the frameworks of both stochastic frontier analysis and shadow cost functions. Our results indicate that, for all types of banks, the cost of technical inefficiency decreases in the years following tightening of regulation. A significant part of this decrease can be attributed to the policy change. Overall, the short-run increase in cost due to additional regulation exceeds the benefits from reduced technical inefficiency. However, our model does not account for other benefits, besides changes in X-inefficiency, such as stability of the banking system, which may be significant.      

A comparative analysis of the change in R&D efficiency: a case of R&D leaders in the technology industry

This paper measures the cumulative change in research and development (R&D) efficiency of globally leading R&D companies in the technology industry. We use Data Envelopment Analysis /Malmquist index to analyse 49 such companies. The change in R&D efficiency is analysed by decomposing the Malmquist index into ‘catch-up’ and ‘frontier shift’ indices, and by comparing cumulative indices to those at the starting period. Those cumulative indices are obtained at both a firm and an industry level. Results indicate that the overall R&D efficiency of these globally leading R&D companies declined slightly during the period 2007–2013. At a firm level, this study determines in detail how the trend of each firm in R&D activities differs from other companies.     

研究开发费用会计处理初探

研究开发费用的会计处理应该予以费用化还是资本化,一直是国际会计学界和实务界研究的重要问题。研究开发费用会计处理的适当与否,将会直接影响企业当期的损益,进而会影响信息使用者的决策。本文将试图通过对研究开发费用会计处理的国际比较,并对各种处理方法的利弊进行深入地分析,从中提出具有中国特色的研发费用的会计处理方法。     

Openness and the Efficiency of FDI: A Panel Stochastic Production Frontier Study

This paper uses a stochastic translog production frontier to estimate technical inefficiency indices whose conditional mean is specified as a function of FDI and its interaction with openness of the economy. The model is estimated using an annual panel of 46 countries for the years, 1981–2001. The results suggest that increased FDI increases potential output in both developed and developing countries with the effect being more profound in the former. It is also found that increased FDI reduces technical inefficiencies the more open is the economy but that this effect holds only for developed economies. Thus qualified support is found for the “Bhagwati hypothesis” as the results reveal that the efficiency–enhancing effect of FDI depends not only on openness but also on the degree of development of the host country.

Pseudolikelihood estimation of the stochastic frontier model

Stochastic frontier analysis is a popular tool to assess firm performance. Almost universally it has been applied using maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. An alternative approach, pseudolikelihood (PL) estimation, which decouples estimation of the error component structure and the production frontier, has been adopted in both the non-parametric and panel data settings. To date, no formal comparison has yet to be conducted comparing these methods in a standard, parametric cross-sectional framework. We produce a comparison of these two competing methods using Monte Carlo simulations. Our results indicate that PL estimation enjoys almost identical performance to ML estimation across a range of scenarios and performance metrics, and for certain metrics, outperforms ML estimation when the distribution of inefficiency is incorrectly specified.