信誉、第三方标记与网上购买行为——基于淘宝网的实证研究

信誉积分和第三方标记是国内外在线零售市场经常使用的信任机制。本文通过搜索程序获取淘宝网上销售诺基亚5800手机的3060个商家的数据来验证信誉和第三方标记的作用。本文发现,在一口价而不是拍卖的情况下(1)价格对网上购买行为有负向关系,但这种影响受到信誉的调节信誉越高,价格对消费者网上购买行为的影响就越弱;(2)信誉对消费者网上购买行为有着显著的正向关系,这种关系受到保障型和慈善型第三方标记的调节这些标记越多,信誉对消费者购买行为的影响越大;(3)促销型第三方标记与购买行为有着正向关系,而便利型第三方标记与购买行为无显著关系。     

网络拍卖市场中成交价格的决定因素研究——卖家评级真的重要吗？

本文试图研究在中国网络拍卖市场上，拍卖成交价格的决定因素，尤其是卖家反馈评级的影响作用。本文采集了EBay中国上的170笔数码相机交易的数据，运用多元回归分析对假设进行了验证。本文研究结果表明：网上拍卖的成交价格会受到卖家评级的显著影响，好评对于成交价格有显著的正向影响，差评对于成交价格有显著的负向影响。但在忽略品牌因素时，卖家评级对于价格则不存在显著影响。     

单个交易的价值均衡理论

在经济理性新数学模型的基础上,界定了商品价值、买者价值、卖者价值三个概念,将单个交易的交易均衡定义为买者价值和卖者价值的价值均衡,在此基础上尝试性地建立了新的市场交易均衡理论,运用解析几何方法,求出了交易均衡价格的数学解。     

网上拍卖品的价格层级与类别对买方出价行为的影响——基于函数性数据聚类方法的分析

网上拍卖买方出价行为是网上参与者行为研究中的一个重要问题,但现有文献鲜有从统计视角就拍卖品的价格层级与类别对买方出价行为的影响进行研究.本文通过选择拍卖品种类和函数性数据聚类方法,对eBay26类物品拍卖和中国淘宝网珠宝类拍卖中买方的出价数据进行了函数性聚类分析,研究发现:在拍卖的不同时段,拍卖品的价格层级和类别对买方的出价行为会产生不同的影响,价格层级对买方出价行为的影响在中外网站呈现显著不同的特征.     

商标的经济功能

商标是市场交易中的重要一环,对商标经济功能的分析不仅有利于认识商标的本质,而且有利于充分发挥商标的经济功能,为有效地保护商标提供有益的帮助。本文将从分析没有商标和有商标两种情况下市场交易的经济后果来分析商标在市场交易中的经济功能。一、没有商标情况下市场交易的经济后果根据经济学的研究,在大多数市场上,卖者(主要是生产者、经营者)与买者(主要是消费者)之间对于他们将要交易的商品或服务的信息是不对称的,卖者比买者拥有更多的信息。一般而言,商标是商品或服务的标记。商标实质上是商品、服务信息的一种信号,而不是商品、服…     

最优拍卖理论及其实践述评

拍卖是机制设计理论的典型应用之一.最优拍卖所要解决的核心问题是卖者如何在不同的交易环境下通过有效的机制设计实现最大的期望收益.维克里的收益等价定理是拍卖理论的发展基石,但是收益等价定理依赖于独立私人估价假设,这些假设条件过于苛刻在现实中难以满足.因此,研究如何在独立私人估价假设不成立时实现最优拍卖就成为拍卖理论演进的基本线索.本文将沿着这一线索对最优拍卖理论及其实践加以评述,并揭示拍卖理论在中国的经济改革和发展中所具有的重要应用价值.     

初始分配与应用市场机制矫正外部效应——一个实验经济学研究

市场机制被认为是解决诸如污染等外部效应问题的有效方法,排污权交易理论建立于市场竞争的基础上,认为许可证的初始分配并不影响配置效率,依靠市场机制会实现许可证的最优配置.本文用实验室双向拍卖机制建立了具有外部效应的产品市场,以及相应的许可证派生需求市场,测试了排污权交易理论应用的边界条件.研究发现许可证初始分配所形成的市场势力可以影响外部效应的矫正效率.     

上市公司内部人交易披露延迟及其经济后果研究——来自上海股票市场的经验证据

文章研究了我国上市公司内部人交易信息披露延迟的现状及其影响因素,以及披露延迟对内部人交易市场反应的影响。研究发现,整体而言,内部人交易存在披露延迟;交易披露延迟时间的长短与交易方向、交易是否处于信息敏感期、公司流通股比例、交易规模有关;在信息披露延迟严重的买入样本组,内部人职务对披露延迟产生了影响。市场给予内部人卖出股票负面评价而对买入股票的反应不显著;内部人交易的市场反应不受信息披露延迟影响。     

排污权初始分配拍卖模型研究

排污权交易是近年来备受各国关注的一项旨在保护环境的经济政策,其初始分配模式通过改变市场结构影响企业行为和企业绩效,进而影响经济运行效率。拍卖模型作为一种初始分配模式,在总量控制的前提下,通过排污权的市场交易,实现低成本控制污染。相对于政府行政管制手段较多的免费分配模型,拍卖模型充分地运用了排污权资源配置方面的优势。本文通过追溯国内外排污权初始分配的研究,明确拍卖模型中的企业最优报价策略。在此基础上,结合我国实际,分析交易主体的成本收益,最后提出对这一问题的今后研究方向。     

不完全信息下的价格信号博弈:来自淘宝网的证据

利用淘宝网的交易数据,对网上购物过程进行两阶段分解,证实了我国网上交易市场的价格信号博弈收敛于分离均衡。这表明价格在信息不确定的环境下代理了商品的质量信息,对需求有着正面的影响。这种正面影响主要发生在购物初级搜索阶段,而在最终决策阶段,需求法则仍然有效,从而导致价格对需求的总体影响是负面的。区别于拍卖市场直接提高价格的机制,信誉在明码标价市场能间接促进产品的销售,强化价格的信号传递,而羊群效应对价格的信号传递有一定的削弱作用。     

THE DETERMINANTS OF PRICE IN ONLINE AUCTIONS: MORE EVIDENCE FROM QUANTILE REGRESSION

This study explores how seller reputations affect auction prices and concludes that earlier findings may be biased due to the misspecification of seller reputation. This paper contributes to the literature by offering significant empirical evidence using Taiwanese internet auction data. Our study reveals that the influence of seller reputations on auction prices is significant, irrespective of the assumptions of linear or non‐linear relationships with price. However, failure to consider the non‐linear setting of seller reputation leads us to underestimate the impact of reputation when the seller's reputation score is low, but overestimates it when the seller's reputation becomes high. Using quantile regression, this study finds evidence of considerable differences in their impact on auction prices that are dependent on the distribution of price levels.     

The Impact of Discounting on an Auction with a Buyout Option: a Theoretical Analysis Motivated by eBay’s Buy-It-Now Feature

An auction with a buyout option occurring over continuous time with rules similar to eBays buy it now option is analyzed. When auction participants make no distinction as to when a transaction occurs, the seller optimally chooses a buyout option price so high that bidders never exercise the option. However, time impatience on either side of the transaction can motivate the seller to offer an option price low enough so that the option is exercised with positive probability. Further, allowing a time impatient seller to offer such an option results in an ex ante Pareto improvement when bidders do not discount future transactions.     

Search, common knowledge, and competition

This paper analyzes the effects of buyer search costs and seller private and common knowledge on seller competition. It shows that lack of common knowledge results in the equilibrium price continuously decreasing to the perfectly competitive one as buyer search costs for price decrease from positive for all buyers to zero for all buyers, even if each market agent's uncertainty (in the private knowledge) is small. At the same time, if the uncertainty of each seller about buyer valuations is small, the effects of a small change in the search costs or of information structure on pricing may be large (but continuous).     

Auctions with a buy price: The case of reference-dependent preferences

In an auction with a buy price, the seller provides bidders with an option to end the auction early by accepting a transaction at a posted price. This paper develops a model of an auction with a buy price in which bidders use the auction's reserve price and buy price to formulate a reference price. The model both explains why a revenue-maximizing seller would want to augment her auction with a buy price and demonstrates that the seller sets a higher reserve price when she can affect the bidders' reference price through the auction's reserve price and buy price than when she can affect the bidders' reference price through the auction's reserve price only. The comparative statics properties of bidding behavior are in sharp contrast to equilibrium behavior in other models where the existence and size of the auction's buy price have no effect on bidding behavior.     

我国独立董事薪酬机制研究

在我国 ,由于欠缺声誉机制的激励作用 ,独立董事的薪酬机制对独立董事能否在公司治理中有效发挥作用就具有重要影响。本文把独立董事的薪酬问题看作是一种市场交易过程中的均衡价格的形成问题 ,并从市场的角度 ,探讨了我国独立董事的薪酬形成机制。本文分析了我国独立董事薪酬偏低的原因 ,并且认为 ,通过对我国独立董事的薪酬进行结构调整 ,提高独立董事的薪酬水平 ,才能起到改善我国上市公司治理结构的目的。     

谁能成为明星CEO* ——管理者声誉的来源及影响

在中国,企业管理者为获取更丰厚的报酬和更好的职业生涯不只是通过企业的良好经营,同时很大一部分管理者也积极建立与政府的密切联系。本文从管理者政治关联的独特视角出发,研究了上市公司管理者声誉来源及其对企业短期股价和长期经营绩效的影响。基于2005-2012年上市公司的面板数据,本文采用倾向评分匹配的方法,有效解决了样本“内生性”问题。本文研究发现,国有企业管理者声誉的获取可能主要依赖于其政治关联的支持,而民营企业管理者声誉的取得可能主要依靠企业自身良好的经营绩效;同时管理者声誉在短期内对企业股价有显著的负向影响,但对企业的长期经营绩效确有显著的促进作用。本文为我国经理人劳动力市场的完善及国有企业市场化改革提供了新的经验证据。     

Reputation and Survival: Learning in a Dynamic Signalling Model

We consider the impact of reputation on the survival of a monopolist selling single units in discrete time periods, whose quality is learned slowly. If the seller learns her own quality at the same rate as customers, a sufficiently bad run of luck could induce her to stop selling. When she knows her quality, a good seller never stops selling though at low reputations a bad seller does with some probability. Furthermore, a seller with positive, though imperfect, information sells for the same number of periods whether her information is private or public. We further consider the robustness of the central result when the seller's opportunities for strategic behaviour are limited.     

网上销售的影响因素:利基与热门市场的对比研究

长尾理论表明,互联网更利于利基市场的发展。然而,近期有研究认为热门市场在网上更有优势。为了验证在线商家在这两类市场的不同表现,我们对淘宝网上的791家店铺的64万余种产品的销售数据进行了分析。结果表明,网上销售受到信誉、产品多样性、价格、口碑以及被推荐机会等因素的影响,并且这些影响在利基和热门市场上表现出显著的差异。其中,信誉、产品多样性、价格和口碑对利基产品销售的影响更大。基于历史数据的被推荐机会对热门产品的销售有正向影响,而对利基产品的销售有负向影响。此外,我们还发现了网上销售的后发优势。     

ENDOGENOUS SOURCES OF VOLATILITY IN HOUSING MARKETS: THE JOINT BUYER–SELLER PROBLEM

This article presents new empirical evidence that internal movement—selling one home and buying another—by existing homeowners within a metropolitan housing market is especially volatile and a substantial driver of fluctuations in transaction volume over the housing market cycle. We develop a search model that shows that the strong procyclicality of internal movement is driven by the cost of simultaneously holding two homes, which varies endogenously over the cycle. The estimated model shows that frictions related to this joint buyer–seller problem substantially amplify cyclical price volatility in housing markets.     

Norm,virtue and information: the just price and individual behaviour in Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologiae

This paper aims at putting forward the analytical stake of the few passages that Thomas Aquinas devotes to prices and exchange, mainly in the Summa Theologiae. His objective – to enlighten a confessor vis-à-vis his penitent, or the judge in an ecclesiastical tribunal – leads the author to a complex construction, which involves establishing a referential norm – the just price – to which the transaction price should be compared.

It is recalled here that resorting to the just price avoids any consideration of individual behaviour. However, this last comes to the forefront when the issue dealt with is to explain the reasons why such a transaction price is equal to, or on the contrary departs from the just price. Thomas Aquinas' treatment of this issue allows one to acknowledge (a) that individual behaviour is characterized by virtue or by vice in various informational contexts, and (b) that the making of a transaction price is the result of a negotiation process between buyer and seller. In a context of correct information, where the partners are both virtuous, Thomas Aquinas explains why the transaction price is equal to the just price – in the exchange in se – or could differ from it – in the exchange per accidens. But focusing on the exchange in se, both an asymmetry of information and the vice of at least one of the partners give rise to deception strategies leading to transaction prices, presented as just by the party who knows it is not, and agreed upon as just by the deceived party. Lastly, the possibility of retaining information during the negotiation process paves the way for the opportunity for the virtuous seller to protect himself against the higher power of negotiation of a possible vicious partner.

Although aiming at a different goal, Thomas Aquinas thus provides a complete theory, not only of the just price, but more generally of exchange, in which ethical considerations become decisive in determining transaction prices.