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1.
关于我国建立生态补偿机制的思考   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
生态补偿机制不等同于生态环境补偿机制,前者是后者的重要组成部分。基于我国生态补偿实践的特点和问题,并借鉴国际经验,我国建立生态补偿机制,应加快生态补偿立法,因地制宜确定补偿模式,分阶段提高补偿标准,分类分级组织实施生态补偿。  相似文献   

2.
作为改善因经济社会发展而被破坏的生态环境的一种手段,生态补偿受到了广泛关注。但综观国内外现有成果,对于水产养殖生态补偿问题的研究还较少。文章基于对上海地区池塘养殖生态服务价值的评估结果,分析了进行此类生态补偿的必要性,并进而在阐述其生态补偿目标及原则的基础上,针对池塘养殖生态系统的不同类型的生态服务,从补偿主体、补偿客体、补偿方式以及补偿额度等方面讨论了其补偿机制。研究认为,对于不同类型池塘养殖系统的生态服务,需采用不同的生态补偿机制:(1)对于市场上可以实现的价值,应通过建立有效的市场机制予以补偿;(2)对于空气调节、气温调控等非市场价值,则应在确定服务受益者及提供者的基础上,通过不同层级政府的财政转移支付等手段予以补偿,具体补偿额度建议为:空气调节服务约5800 CNY·hm-2·a-1,气温调控服务约20 000 CNY·hm-2·a-1,而对于水产污染成本,则在污染权被界定给养殖生产者的情况下,要消除养殖产生的面源污染,养殖生产者需获得大于2000 CNY·hm-2·a-1的补偿额。  相似文献   

3.
国外生态补偿制度的实践   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
任世丹  杜群 《环境经济》2009,(11):34-39
在国外,“生态补偿”这一概念通常指为“生物多样性补偿”而进行的“生态服务付费”的过程。其生态补偿实践主要可以分为三种类型:政府购买模式、市场模式和生态产品认证计划(间接交易模式)。本文分别介绍和分析了这三种不同模式的典型案例,以期为发展和完善我国生态补偿法律机制提供借鉴和参考。  相似文献   

4.
目前发展阶段,生态补偿的核心问题是要解决好“谁补偿谁”和“补多少”的问题。基于此,论文通过大量文献分析归纳,从生态补偿概念和理论基础出发,研究生态补偿主客体,重点探讨了目前较为认可的基于成本、意愿调查、生态系统服务价值评估三种生态补偿标准核算方法,分析补偿存在的不足之处并展望未来的研究方向:(1)扩大补偿研究尺度,推动科研成果转化。(2)建立多元化补偿方式,构建完备的生态补偿机制。(3)引导公众参与生态补偿,扩大补偿资金来源渠道。(4)完善补偿标准体系,确定动态化、差异化补偿标准。以期促进我国生态补偿机制建设。  相似文献   

5.
生态补偿是跨界大气污染治理的重要政策工具。迄今为止,京津冀大气治理生态补偿机制仍未出台,严重制约着京津冀生态环保协同发展做深做实,创新思维方式、构建非传统领域生态补偿理论体系是当务之急。厘清了传统生态补偿认识误区,创新性地提出了生态补偿支付原则统一框架,将"污染者付费原则"(PPP)和"受益者付费原则"(BPP)统一在"改变者付费原则"(CPP)分析框架中,为京津冀大气治理生态补偿机制设计提供了思想前提和理论基础;通过构建京津冀大气治理CGE模型具体测算了特定大气质量控制目标下河北应获得的生态补偿额。这对于加快补齐京津冀生态文明建设制度短板、有效弥补河北大气治理资金需要、强化京津冀生态环境联建联防联治具有重要意义,对于全国和其他重点区域大气治理具有普遍启示意义。  相似文献   

6.
在可持续发展的大背景下,水源地生态环境保护与区域经济发展的矛盾突显出构建生态补偿机制的重要性。文章在深入剖析贵阳市水源地生态环境补偿的现状,充分认识建立健全水源地生态补偿机制必要性的基础上,从补偿主客体的界定、补偿标准的确立、补偿方式的选择三个方面重新构建了贵阳市水源地生态环境补偿机制的一般框架;从法律、政策、产业、人才四个方面提出贵阳市水源地生态补偿机制的支撑体系,以期达到保障下游"喝水"与保证保护区"吃饭"二者共赢的目的。  相似文献   

7.
从机会成本的角度,对研究评估我国31个省份(港澳台地区除外)湿地生态价值的85篇文献进行案例分析,构建了区域湿地生态补偿标准测算思路与估测模型,并对我国31个省份的湿地生态价值及生态补偿标准进行了定量测算。结果表明:(1)从空间分布来看,湿地生态价值总量呈现由西向东递减、由西北、东北向中部递减趋势;单位面积湿地生态价值量呈现由东向西递减、由中部向东北和西北递减的趋势,这与我国植被的地带性分布梯度基本一致。(2)2018年我国湿地生态价值总量为18.36万亿元,其中调节服务价值占生态价值总量的75.55%,表明调节服务是湿地生态系统的核心功能;(3)经济欠发达地区较发达地区对生态补偿需求迫切程度较大,特别是西藏、青海应对其优先补偿。(4)我国83.87%的省份有条件支付补偿标准,16.13%的省份有较大困难支付补偿标准,其中作为大江大河的发源地和主要集水区的青海、西藏基本没有条件支付补偿标准,这为建立横向湿地生态补偿机制奠定了理论和实践基础。  相似文献   

8.
旅游资源生态服务功能的滥用,生态环境破坏问题的产生,稀缺性导致环境资源供给的不足,是迫切需要建立生态补偿机制的主要动因。中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一和第十二个五年规划相继提出要"建立生态补偿机制",为我国长期以来悬而未决的生态补偿问题提供了明确的方向,  相似文献   

9.
论完善退耕还林生态补偿机制   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
完善退耕还林生态补偿机制,对顺利推进退耕还林工程具有十分重要的现实意义。本文论述了我国现阶段退耕还林生态补偿机制中存在的主要问题,探讨了美国环保休耕计划(CRP)生态补偿机制的经验,并借鉴美国CRP经验,提出完善退耕还林生态补偿机制的建议。  相似文献   

10.
生态补偿在国际上又称作生态系统/环境服务付费(PES),在生态敏感区发展有机农业并对其进行生态补偿尤为重要。论文通过对国内外典型的流域及水源地有机农业发展实践及生态补偿案例进行研究,并对现有的有机农业生态补偿政策和补偿机制进行探讨,针对中国南水北调工程沿线等水源地生态敏感区有机农业生态补偿,提出几点合理化政策建议:(1)水源区有机农业生态补偿应纳入流域生态补偿政策规划体系;(2)分区制定生态补偿政策,更灵活多样,避免补偿标准的单一化;(3)发挥利益相关方的积极作用,选好中间"人",建立各利益相关者共同参与的联动补偿机制;(4)建立生态补偿信用制度体系,强化政府监管下的多元化约束机制。  相似文献   

11.
Payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted increasing interest as a mechanism to translate external, non-market values of the environment into real financial incentives for local actors to provide environmental services (ES). In this introductory paper, we set the stage for the rest of this Special Issue of Ecological Economics by reviewing the main issues arising in PES design and implementation and discussing these in the light of environmental economics. We start with a discussion of PES definition and scope. We proceed to review some of the principal dimensions and design characteristics of PES programs and then analyze how PES compares to alternative policy instruments. Finally, we examine in detail two important aspects of PES programs: their effectiveness and their distributional implications.PES is not a silver bullet that can be used to address any environmental problem, but a tool tailored to address a specific set of problems: those in which ecosystems are mismanaged because many of their benefits are externalities from the perspective of ecosystem managers. PES is based on the beneficiary-pays rather than the polluter-pays principle, and as such is attractive in settings where ES providers are poor, marginalized landholders or powerful groups of actors. An important distinction within PES is between user-financed PES in which the buyers are the users of the ES, and government-financed PES in which the buyers are others (typically the government) acting on behalf of ES users. In practice, PES programs differ in the type and scale of ES demand, the payment source, the type of activity paid for, the performance measure used, as well as the payment mode and amount. The effectiveness and efficiency of PES depends crucially on program design.  相似文献   

12.
Marketing several environmental services from a single area can help access diverse sources of funding and make conservation a more competitive land use. In Bolivia's Los Negros valley (Department of Santa Cruz), bordering the Amboró National Park, 46 farmers are currently paid to protect 2774 ha of a watershed containing the threatened cloud-forest habitat of 11 species of migratory birds. In this payment for environmental services (PES) scheme, annual contracts prohibit tree cutting, hunting and forest clearing on enrolled lands. Farmer-landowners as service providers submit to independent yearly monitoring, and are sanctioned for non-compliance. Facilitated by a local NGO, Fundación Natura Bolivia, one service buyer is an international conservation donor (the US Fish and Wildlife Service) interested in biodiversity conservation. The second service users are downstream irrigators who likely benefit from stabilized dry-season water flows if upstream cloud forests are successfully protected. Individual irrigators have been reluctant to pay, but the Los Negros municipal government has on their behalf contributed ~ US$4500 to the scheme. The negotiated payment mode is annual quid pro quo in-kind compensations in return for forest protection. Predominantly, payments are made as “contingent project implementation”, transferring beehives supplemented by apicultural training. With regard to service provision, environment committees and education programs have increased awareness in downstream communities of the probable water-supply reduction effect of continued upstream deforestation. External donors have funded subsequent studies providing basic economic, hydrological and biodiversity data, and covered PES start-up (~ US$40,000) and running transaction costs (~ US$3000 per year over the last three years). The greatest challenges in the development of the PES mechanism have been the slow process of building trust between service buyers and providers, and in achieving clear service-provision additionality.  相似文献   

13.
Decentralization reforms in Indonesia have led to local communities negotiating logging agreements with timber companies for relatively low financial payoffs and at high environmental cost. This paper analyzes the potential of payments for environmental services (PES) to provide an alternative to logging for these communities and to induce forest conservation. We apply a game-theoretical model of community-firm interactions that explicitly considers two stylized conditions present in the Indonesian context: (i) community rights to the forest remain weak even after decentralization, and (ii) the presence of logging companies interested in the commercial exploitation of the forest. Intuition may suggest that PES design should focus on those communities with the lowest expected payments from logging deals. However, we show that these communities may not be able to enforce a PES agreement, i.e., they may not be able to prevent logging activities by timber companies. Moreover, some communities would conserve the forest anyway; in these cases PES would not lead to additional environmental gains. Most important, the introduction of PES may increase a community's expected payoff from a logging agreement. A failure to consider this endogeneity in expected payoffs could lead to communities opting for logging agreements despite PES, simply allowing communities to negotiate better logging deals. Our results indicate that PES design is a complex task, and that the costs of an effective PES system could potentially be much higher than expected from observing current logging fees. Using data collected in Indonesia on actual logging fees received by communities, we illustrate how the theoretical results could be used in empirical analysis to guide PES design. Our results are likely to be useful in other cases where local people make resource use decisions but have weak property rights over these resources, and where external commercial forces are present. The results highlight the importance of understanding the details of the local context in order to design PES programs appropriately.  相似文献   

14.
Payments for environmental services (PES) are an innovative approach to conservation that has been applied increasingly often in both developed and developing countries. To date, however, few efforts have been made to systematically compare PES experiences. Drawing on the wealth of case studies in this Special Issue, we synthesize the information presented, according to case characteristics with respect to design, costs, environmental effectiveness, and other outcomes. PES programs often differ substantially one from the other. Some of the differences reflect adaptation of the basic concept to very different ecological, socioeconomic, or institutional conditions; others reflect poor design, due either to mistakes or to the need to accommodate political pressures. We find significant differences between user-financed PES programs, in which funding comes from the users of the ES being provided, and government-financed programs, in which funding comes from a third party. The user-financed programs in our sample were better targeted, more closely tailored to local conditions and needs, had better monitoring and a greater willingness to enforce conditionality, and had far fewer confounding side objectives than government-financed programs. We finish by outlining some perspectives on how both user- and government-financed PES programs could be made more effective and cost-efficient.  相似文献   

15.
Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
Costa Rica pioneered the use of the payments for environmental services (PES) approach in developing countries by establishing a formal, country-wide program of payments, the PSA program. The PSA program has worked hard to develop mechanisms to charge the users of environmental services for the services they receive. It has made substantial progress in charging water users, and more limited progress in charging biodiversity and carbon sequestration users. Because of the way it makes payments to service providers (using approaches largely inherited from earlier programs), however, the PSA program has considerable room for improvement in the efficiency with which it generates environmental services. With experience, many of these weaknesses are being gradually corrected as the PSA program evolves towards a much more targeted and differentiated program. An important lesson is the need to be flexible and to adapt to lessons learned and to changing circumstances.  相似文献   

16.
In contractual relationships involving payments for environmental services, conservation buyers know less than landowners know about the costs of contractual compliance. Landowners in such circumstances use their private information as a source of market power to extract informational rents from conservation agents. Reducing informational rents is an important task for buyers of environmental services who wish to maximize the services obtained from their limited budgets. Reducing informational rents also mitigates concerns about the “additionality” of PES contracts because low-cost landowners are least likely to provide different levels of services in the absence of a contract. Paying low-cost landowners less thus makes resources available for contracts with higher opportunity cost landowners, who are more likely to provide substantially different levels of services in the absence of a contract. To reduce informational rents to landowners, conservation agents can take three approaches: (1) acquire information on observable landowner attributes that are correlated with compliance costs; (2) offer landowners a menu of screening contracts; and (3) allocate contracts through procurement auctions. Each approach differs in terms of its institutional, informational and technical complexity, as well as in its ability to reduce informational rents without distorting the level of environmental services provided. No single approach dominates in all environments. Current theory and empirical work provides practitioners with insights into the relative merits of each approach. However, more theoretical work and experimentation in the laboratory and the field are necessary before definitive conclusions about the superiority of one or more of these approaches can be drawn.  相似文献   

17.
Agricultural landscapes can provide many valuable ecosystem services, but many are externalities from the perspective of farmers and so tend to be under-produced. This paper examines an effort to make direct payments for ecosystem services (PES) in an agricultural landscape. The Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Ecosystem Management Project is piloting the use of PES to induce adoption of silvopastoral practices in the Matiguás-Río Blanco area in Nicaragua. Silvopastoral practices could substantially improve service provision while retaining agricultural production, but they have found only limited acceptance among farmers. The Silvopastoral Project seeks to increase their adoption by paying farmers for the expected increase in biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration services that these practices would provide. The Project developed an ‘environmental services index’ (ESI) and pays participants for net increases in ESI points. Although the Silvopastoral Project is still underway, it already appears to have succeeded in inducing farmers to increase substantially the use of practices that generate higher levels of ecosystem services. In the project's first two years, over 24% of the total area experienced some form of land use change. The area of degraded pasture fell by two thirds, while pastures with high tree density increased substantially, as did fodder banks and live fences. On-going monitoring indicates that these land use changes are in fact generating the desired services. Questions remain about the long-term sustainability of the approach, however. To ensure sustainability, long-term payments are likely to be needed, raising the question of how they will be financed. Payments by water users and by carbon buyers provide a partial answer to this challenge, but still leave many gaps.  相似文献   

18.
Few payment for environmental services (PES) schemes in developing countries operate outside of the central state's umbrella, and are at the same time old enough to allow for a meaningful evaluation. Ecuador has two such decentralised, consolidated experiences: the five-year old Pimampiro municipal watershed-protection scheme and the twelve-year old PROFAFOR carbon-sequestration programme. We describe and compare the two cases, using a common PES definition and methodology, drawing on both primary interview-based information and secondary data. We find that both schemes have been relatively effective in reaching their environmental objectives, in terms of having probably high additionality levels and low leakage effects. A strong focus on the targeted environmental service and a strong degree of conditionality seem to be two key factors explaining these achievements. Although neither scheme has targeted poverty alleviation or other side objectives, both are likely to have improved PES recipients' welfare, mostly through higher incomes. We highlight several observations with more generalised relevance and lessons for the design of PES schemes.  相似文献   

19.
Environmental protection and poverty alleviation in the developing world are usually heralded as joint objectives. However, these two goals are often associated with different sectoral policy instruments. While so−called payments for environmental services (PES) are increasingly being promoted for environmental protection, poverty alleviation is increasingly addressed by conditional cash transfers (CCT) program. These instruments although aimed to achieve distinct objectives have a number of similarities and challenges in their design and implementation phases. This paper elaborates on these similarities and develops a unifying generic framework that is used to discuss the extent to which both approaches could be unified.  相似文献   

20.
西部生态补偿与缓解贫困关系的研究框架   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
随着西部生态环境问题的日益突出,生态补偿现已成为解决此问题的有效手段之一。基于生态补偿项目社会公平性考虑和项目实施的客观扶贫效果,有关贫困参与者的研究成为近年来国外生态补偿研究中普遍关注的议题。在分析了国内外生态补偿与缓解贫困研究的基础上,从生态补偿对贫困参与者的筛选及其影响和评价方法等三个方面提出了研究西部生态补偿与缓解贫困关系的框架体系。最后提出了我国西部生态补偿项目设计中亟需改善的问题。  相似文献   

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