成本渠道假说研究述评

成本渠道假说将货币传导从传统理论中的总需求一侧扩展到总供给一侧,有助于解释货币政策冲击实证研究发现的"放大率之谜"和"价格之谜",对货币传导机制理论做出了重要补充。同时,成本渠道的存在也改变了最优货币政策分析面临的约束条件,为分析和评价货币政策提供了崭新视角,提醒货币当局在设计和执行货币政策时必须重视政策的供给侧效应。本文系统梳理和评述了关于成本渠道作用机制、实证检验及其对于最优货币政策意义的研究,并简要探讨了该领域的未来发展方向。     

如何检验我国货币政策产生的区域效应

货币政策传导机制的区域差异导致了我国货币政策区域差异效应,从货币政策传导机制的区域差异分析,又可以分为货币政策传导主体的区域差异和货币政策传导渠道的区域差异,并且货币政策传导渠道的差异很大程度上是通过货币政策传导主体的区域差异作用于不同的传导渠道实现的.     

资本市场发展与我国货币政策的有效传导

货币政策传导机制描述了货币政策如何借助于货币冲击来影响实际经济的变动及其实施影响所依赖的路径(传导渠道),它是货币政策有效运作的基础。传统的货币政策传导机制理论着重分析两种渠道:货币渠道和信贷渠道。但在金融市场日益发达的今天,资本市场对实际经济生活的影响不断增强,特别是股票收益、股票价格与实际经济活动的内在联系越来越紧密,股票市场对货币政策指标变化的反应变得相当灵敏。资本市场的规模和结构的不断变化影响着货币的供给和需求,从而影响货币政策的传导机制以及货币政策的工具,其发展变化影响着货币政策的制定、实施和传导效应。     

我国金融脱媒对货币政策传导机制的影响:1978—2007

金融体系是连接货币政策和实体经济的桥梁,金融脱媒的出现必然会对货币政策传导机制产生影响。在系统分析金融脱媒对我国货币政策传导机制的影响后,本文指出,随着我国金融市场的发展和金融脱媒程度的加深,我国货币政策传导中利率渠道开始发挥作用,资产负债表渠道得到拓展,而银行信贷渠道的作用则有所下降。利率渠道和资产负债表渠道效应的提升部分抵消了金融脱媒过程中银行信贷渠道效应弱化给货币政策传导带来的负面影响,为央行转变货币政策调控方式奠定了基础。     

货币政策传导机制理论的争论及启示

本文在简要回顾西方货币政策传导机制理论的基础上,将国内学者对我国货币政策传导机制理论具有代表性的观点进行分类、归纳及评介,并得出了几点启示性的结论:我国当前以信用渠道为主的货币政策传导渠道将逐步被货币渠道所取代;货币政策传递的环境和条件不完善是制约我国货币政策传导效果的主要原因;我国货币政策传导效果存在明显的地区差异.     

基于信贷渠道视角的货币政策区域效应理论研究评述

我国对于货币政策传导的区域效应研究起步比较晚,信贷渠道作为货币政策传导的主要渠道,基于信贷渠道研究货币政策区域效应的理论更是比较少,而现有的经济措施往往又忽视了信贷政策区域差异之间的关系。这不仅会影响我国区域经济的健康发展,导致区域经济差异扩大,也影响到了我国经济改革的成果。因而有格要对国内外学者基于信贷渠道视角关于货币政策非对称性效应的研究文献进行比较翔实的综述,从而为未来进一步研究中国货币政策非对称性问题理清思路。     

中国货币政策传导机制研究述评

货币政策传导机制是宏观经济学的中心问题之一,也是货币政策理论的核心内容。它是分析和说明进行货币政策调整之后,货币供应量的变动如何诱发和影响微观经济主体的消费和投资行为,从而导致宏观经济总量发生变化的一整套机制的理论。简单地说,就是如何通过货币政策的调整来影响经济的手段和渠道。为制定切实可行的货币调控政策,货币当局必须了解和把握货币政策在实体经济中的传导途径。近年来为治理通货紧缩,我国实施了稳健的货币政策,但效果并不十分显著,甚至出现了政策效应递减。①对此,国内学者进行了广泛研究。     

从西方货币政策传导机制理论看我国货币政策传导机制效力

本文归纳了几则有影响的西方货币政策机制理论 :利率渠道、信用供给渠道、资产组合效应渠道、财富效应渠道、股票市场渠道、汇率渠道 ,通过具体分析各传导渠道在我国的效力及存在的问题 ,提出完善我国货币政策传导渠道的思路。     

房地产价格在货币政策传导中的作用分析

货币政策传导机制是研究货币政策及其工具如何通过各种经济变量对实际经济产生作用的问题，在这一领域的研究从早期凯恩斯主义提出的利率传导机制，货币主义补充的非货币资产价格机制，到新古典宏观经济学秉承古典货币中性论，和新凯恩斯主义的创新强调银行资产的信贷渠道，众多学派围绕“货币是否是面纱”及“货币非中性时影响实际经济途径”的争论使西方货币政策传导机制理论研究呈现出众说纷纭的丰富形态，随着理论相互间的吸收与融合，我们可以把所有传导机制概括成两大类.     

基于FAVAR模型的货币政策的房价传导机制研究

货币政策的房价传导机制近年来备受各界关注.本文采集了从2000年第1季度到2009年第3季度的152个变量的间序列数据,构建房价对货币政策传导效应的FAVAR模型,对房价在货币政策传导机制中的有效性进行了理论和实证研究.研究发现,在我国存在货币政策的房价传导机制.具体表现为:①相较于货币供应量而言,利率对房价的影响较为明显,利率和房价呈反向关系.②房价的投资效应强于财富效应,房价短期内存在挤出效应,长期才显示出微弱的财富效应,不同类型房屋价格的投资效应和财富效应有所差异;③房价通过消费渠道对货币政策的传导较为通畅.     

The Optimum Currency Area Puzzle

The theory of optimum currency areas, suggesting the redrawing of currency areas across countries or splitting of national money into several currencies, is at odds with the one-money-one-country pattern that has dominated monetary history for 26 centuries. This paper puts forward an equilibrium approach which, by stressing the influence of the border effect on intranational adjustment, solves the puzzle and analyzes the closely related issue of the viability of monetary unions and regional specialization.     

货币替代理论研究述评

货币替代是开放经济中所特有的一种货币性扰动,它会对一国的经济金融形势产生严重影响,如货币政策的独立性和有效性受到影响、政府的财政税基遭到削弱、汇率波动频繁、国际收支失衡、减缓甚至阻碍该国货币的自由兑换进程等。随着中国经济高速增长以及人民币的强烈升值预期,我国出现了人民币正在逐步替代外币美元的反向货币替代现象,同样对我国经济造成了一系列的冲击。本文首先从货币替代的定义、形成机制、经济影响、防范风险的对策等方面对国外文献进行了理论综述;然后,分析了国内学者对货币替代理论的研究,特别研究了我国在目前背景下出现的反向货币替代现象;最后在对国内外货币替代理论文献综述的基础上,对将来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Does One Size Fit All? A currency union with asymmetric transmissions and a stability pact

The theory of optimal currency areas stresses that a single currency zone should have symmetry across shocks and structures. What happens if the monetary transmission mechanisms differ so that a common monetary policy has different effects in different places? Using a fully specified econometric model, we find that such asymmetries are likely to destabilise the business cycle and put countries out of phase with each other in a way that cannot be corrected by deficit-constrained national fiscal policies. Market discipline, however, could achieve this. Hence, the question is whether the markets would create sufficient discipline on their own.     

New EU member states and the Euro: economic readiness,benefits and costs

All of the new EU member states (NMSs) have made a commitment to adopt the Euro. This essay considers the countries’ economic readiness to adopt the Euro as well as the economic benefits and costs of adoption. Paper applies a method suggested by Bayoumi and Eichengreen (1997) and finds that the changes of real effective exchange rates between the Euro area and the new EU member states follow the pattern predicted by the optimum currency area theory. This finding allows the construction of the readiness for adoption index for every NMS. The tangible benefits (for NMSs) of adoption are also examined in this essay. Analyses suggest that the costs of currency exchange and hedging against the uncertainty in foreign exchange markets account for about 0.08–0.012% of the countries’ GDP. In addition, countries that adopt the Euro might expect lower inflation and interest rates. This essay also examines the possible costs of adoption. These are in the forms of the lost ability to use monetary policy tools and set the level of seigniorage. Analysis suggests that many countries had given up their independence over monetary policy even before the accession to the EU. In addition, bigger NMSs have not used seigniorage as the source of fiscal income. However, they used exchange rate flexibility to depreciate their currencies during the recent crisis.     

A Coalition-Form Analysis Of The “One Country - One Vote” Rule In The Governing Council Of The European Central Bank *

This paper analyses the “one country—one vote” rule for monetary policy decision

making of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank in a framework of cooperative game theory. The Shapley value is used as a solution concept. In contrast to former papers analysing the allocation of abstract "voting power" in committees of international organisations, preferences for monetary policy are modelled to obtain a prediction about potential transfers implied by an equal allocation of voting rights when countries are of different size. It is shown that if the number of countries participating to a currency union grows and the weight of the largest country within the currency union becomes small, the allocation of voting rights becomes irrelevant in the sense that transfers per country tend in any case to zero. [C71, E5, F02]     

Macroprudential policy and the inward transmission of monetary policy: The case of Chile,Mexico, and Russia

This paper studies whether domestic macroprudential policy may attenuate the inward transmission of monetary policy shocks from the United States to domestic bank lending growth in three emerging market economies—Chile, Mexico, and Russia. Identification relies on banks’ heterogeneous exposure to prudential policies and the fact that foreign monetary policy shocks are exogenous from the perspective of these economies. After analyzing the effects of the aggregate domestic prudential policy stance, we focus on specific prudential policies targeting mortgage and consumer loans, as well as foreign‐currency deposits. Although our overall results are mixed, we find evidence that the strength of international monetary policy spillovers varies depending on the stance of domestic macroprudential policy. In particular, a tighter reserve requirement stance over foreign‐currency deposits in Chile dampens the effect of an international monetary policy shock on domestic local‐currency lending, but reinforces that on foreign‐currency lending, whereas in Russia, it dampens the effect on both local‐currency and foreign‐currency lending, although to different degrees. Prudential policies targeting the asset side of banks’ balance sheets, such as mortgage loans or consumer credit, are found to amplify international monetary policy spillovers in some cases and attenuate it in others, depending on the country context.     

Fiscal consolidation under imperfect credibility

This paper examines the effects of expenditure-based fiscal consolidation when credibility as to whether the cuts will be long-lasting is imperfect. We contrast the impact limited credibility has when the consolidating country has the means to tailor monetary policy to its own needs, with the impact when the country is a small member of a currency union with a negligible effect on interest rates and on nominal exchange rates of the currency union. We find two key results. First, in the case of an independent monetary policy, the adverse impact of limited credibility is relatively small, and consolidation can be expected to reduce government debt at a relatively low output cost given that monetary policy provides more accommodation than it would under perfect credibility. Second, the lack of monetary accommodation under currency union membership implies that the output cost may be significantly larger, and that progress in reducing government debt in the short and medium term may be limited under imperfect credibility.     

Monetary policy of a small open economy in the world production chain

In the world production chain there is a small economy that outsources production to its upstream, sells intermediate goods to its downstream and consumes imported final goods. It is shown that in responding to shocks from demand for intermediate goods, from the wage rate in the upstream and from the currency exchange rate between the upstream and downstream countries, the monetary policy of the small country is insignificant in the sense that any attempt of changing its monetary stance to raise national welfare will be offset by the movements of exchange rates.     

Optimum currency areas and the European experience

Across nations or regions, the debate on optimum exchange rate cum monetary policies is not yet resolved on three levels. First is the optimum domain of fixed exchange rates versus keeping them flexible. Second is the subordinate debate on whether one needs full monetary union (as in continental Europe) to secure an optimum currency area's internal domain; or, whether virtually fixed exchange rates — where national currencies remain in circulation — can be sufficient. Third is whether a regional grouping of economies with close trade ties (as in East Asia) gain by collectively pegging to an outside currency such as the US dollar. Using an axiomatic approach, which limits the set of cross‐country financial claims to what is feasible, I analyse how best to both share and reduce macroeconomic risks on these three levels. JEL classification: F31, F36.     

Virtual Currencies,the Money Market,and Monetary Policy

Virtual currencies are in vogue mainly due to two factors. First, as a protest against authority-driven monetary policy decisions and second, as alternatives to deficits in some monetary systems arising out of political instability or other causes. Assuming that virtual currencies indeed (partially) replace national currencies as payment vehicles, we attempt, in this article, to integrate the virtual currency supply and demand into the Keynesian money market framework. This article presents a few results for the central banks and outlines problems that may result for monetary policy formulation. Since this is the first such attempt to model a national money market as a combination of nationally-issued currency and globally-issued virtual currency, certain simplistic assumptions have been made. Nevertheless, the model offers directions on the impact of virtual currencies on the monetary system and the national money market. Additionally, the paper integrates the official standpoints of the European Central Bank and the Bank of England on this topic.