技术性贸易壁垒对浙江省农产品出口的影响及对策

随着国际经济一体化的发展,传统的关税壁垒正在逐渐消除,西方发达国家纷纷采用更隐蔽、更强大的非关税保护措施——技术性贸易壁垒(Technical Barrier to Trade—TBT),以阻碍发展国家的产品进入本国市场。浙江省是农产品出口大省,近年来浙江省农产品遭遇技术贸易壁垒的案例频频增多,严重影响了浙江省农产品的出口并造成了极大损失。如何突破技术性贸易壁垒,成为了当前浙江省经济面对的重大问题。通过应用传统理论和最新数据对发达国家技术性贸易壁垒对于浙江省优势农产品出口的影响进行分析,从宏观和微观两个层面探索应对措施,强调政府、企业和行业协会的协作,研究信息预警机制在未来应对技术性贸易壁垒的核心作用。     

技术性贸易壁垒的Bertrand博弈分析

不同于现有研究采用最小质量标准作为技术性贸易壁垒,本文通过限定消费者对进口产品质量偏好的最低下限作为技术性贸易壁垒,并采用Boom的效用函数定义,建立了我国出口企业和发达国家企业在发达国家产品市场上进行两阶段Bertrand价格竞争的动态博弈模型,分析了发达国家设置技术性贸易壁垒的影响.结果表明,发达国家设置技术性贸易壁垒,降低了进口产品的需求,导致市场均衡价格和均衡利润的下降,但是我国出口企业的下降幅度更大.我国出口企业通过提高产品质量积极应对后,我国产品的市场需求和企业利润上升;而发达国家本国生产的产品需求和企业利润下降,但是发达国家消费者的福利却得到提高.     

国际技术性贸易壁垒的新态势及对我国的影响

我国自2001年加入WTO以来,出口贸易一直受到国际技术贸易壁垒限制,发达国家企图利用这一极具隐蔽性的非关税壁垒来控制我国商品对其出口的数量。特别是国际金融危机后,发达国家为应对本国经济衰退,减少经济危机冲击,采用更多形式的技术性贸易壁垒遏制我国的出口贸易。国际技术性贸易壁垒对我国出口企业和出口贸易产生冲击,造成巨大损失。当前,一定要认清技术性贸易壁垒的新特点,及时找出应对措施,提高我国商品在国际市场的竞争力。     

美、日、欧农产品技术性贸易壁垒比较研究

随着世界经济一体化进程的加快,以关税为代表的传统贸易壁垒逐步弱化或取消,技术性贸易壁垒作为特定背景下的产物,以其名义上的合法性和手段上的隐蔽性,越来越被发达国家采用,作为实施贸易保护的工具。发达国家借助其在管理、环保等方面的优势,制定并实施了大量的技术性贸易措施,对我国农产品贸易带来了极大的影响。本文拟对美、日、欧农产品技术性贸易壁垒进行比较研究,并提出我国应对农产品技术性贸易壁垒的对策建议。     

技术性贸易壁垒与温州打火机案

近几年，技术性贸易壁垒已成为西方发达国家进行贸易保护的有效方法。而与其相比，由于我国对技术性贸易壁垒的认识不足且缺乏相关规定，我国的出口商品不断遭受发达国家的技术壁垒限制。在我国加入WTO，进一步开放国内市场的新阶段，研究技术性贸易壁垒并总结应对策略具有一定的理论意义和现实意义。     

积极应对国个技术性贸易壁垒

一、国外技术性贸易壁垒对福建外贸发展的影响 1、构成市场准入障碍,影响福建产品市场的继续扩大。由于技术性贸易壁垒具有强制性,实际上构成一种市场准入的门槛。随着中国入世,欧美日等发达国家将逐步降低关税壁垒,并按照时间表拆除配额等非关税壁垒,技术性贸易壁垒越来越成为我国生产商与出口商面临的市场     

欧盟技术性贸易措施及我国民营中小企业联合应对策略

技术性贸易措施已成为欧盟主要贸易壁垒,它以标准为核心逐渐形成覆盖面广阔的繁杂体系。技术性贸易措施复杂的福利效应和作用机制的两面性导致了应对策略的复杂性。技术性贸易措施的制度化博弈诱发政府、企业和行业协会等组织之间采用联合应对策略。基于上述文献回顾,本文从组织层面探讨了我国民营中小企业与政府、行业协会联合应对欧盟技术性贸易措施的策略。     

欧美和中国对技术性贸易壁垒的研究综述

鉴于技术性贸易壁垒对世界经济和国际贸易的重要影响,各国学者都对技术性贸易壁垒问题进行了大量研究,并取得了丰硕的成果,这为相关国家和地区的政策制定提供了很好的决策参考。欧美发达国家是技术性贸易壁垒的发祥地,也最早从事技术性贸易壁垒研究。早在19世纪60年代,欧共体就意识到技术性贸易壁垒对国际贸易的限制作用,并于1969年制定了《消除商品贸易中技术性壁垒的一般性纲领》,第一次提出了在国际贸易中制定技术性贸易壁垒的贸易规则。美国随之向GATT建议拟定关于技术性贸易壁垒的协议。我国虽然遭遇技术性贸易壁垒的案例早已有之,但…     

技术贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及应对策略

随着国际经济一体化和贸易的自由化,在传统的关税和非关税壁垒不断拆除的同时,技术性贸易壁垒作为更隐蔽、更强大的壁垒,成为我国农产品出口的巨大障碍,中国农产品出口如何突破发达国家以质量、卫生和技术标准等为借口的技术性贸易壁垒,是目前亟待解决的战略问题.本文系统分析了技术性贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口影响,给出了突破技术性贸易壁垒的对策思路.     

有关技术性贸易壁垒的博弈分析和我国的对策

本文以“囚徒困境”博弈模型为基础，分析了各国设置技术性贸易壁垒的内在动机，探讨了走出这种囚徒困境的可能性，并且对我国出口企业应对发达国家设置的技术性贸易壁垒进行了动态博弈分析，最后提出了我国应对技术性贸易壁垒的一些建设性意见。     

探析绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易影响

随着越来越多的国家加入世界贸易组织,贸易自由化进一步深入,为了维护自身的经济利益,保护本国市场,各国纷纷利用世界贸易组织的有关规定,制订贸易壁垒,实施变相的贸易保护,对当代世界贸易产生了广泛而深刻的影响.本文就绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响及应对的措施进行了深入的探析.     

国际贸易中企业社会责任壁垒的演进与应对

企业社会责任理论上不应成为贸易壁垒,然而在现实中常常被发达国家作为贸易保护的借口而成为变相的贸易壁垒,并且日益成为当前可持续发展理念下影响我国外贸发展最难以跨越的障碍,不可小视。了解企业在国际贸易中容易遭遇的企业社会责任壁垒的影响,提出有针对性的应对策略,尤其是政府、行业协会和企业三方联动,有效地化解企业社会责任贸易壁垒,积极促进我国对外贸易。     

Reconciling the WTO Effects on Trade at the Extensive and Intensive Margins

Empirical studies examining the impact of World Trade Organization (WTO) membership have produced disparate results. These studies, however, have focused on total aggregate trade flows. In this paper, we utilize disaggregated product level data to examine the impact of WTO membership on the product level extensive and intensive margin of imports. Utilizing the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation that allows for heteroskedasticity in trade data and accounting for several estimation issues, we do not find a positive impact on either margins between WTO member country-pairs. Once we examine asymmetries in trade flows across countries based on their level of development, we find that developing WTO members experience an increase in the extensive margin from industrial member countries. Additionally, the industrial WTO members also experience an increase in the extensive margin from developing WTO members. Results suggest that WTO facilitates the North–South trade relationship, which has been largely absent in trade literature.     

以循环农业模式破解"绿色贸易壁垒"的思考

With their advantages in the field of environmental protection, by means of combining trade in the WTO and environmental protection, many countries and territories have laid down the principle of “the green trade barrier ”, which constitutes a serious challenge against our produce export. It is hypothesized that the basic solution to the barrier is the replacement of the conventional agricultural mode with the recycling agriculture mode. whereby implementations and measures of the new mode are put forward.     

WTO as Moral Support

International cooperation in trade policies under the auspices of the WTO makes countries "feel" more obliged to uphold agreements. The paper emphasizes the role of the WTO to give moral support: countries incur "psychological costs" when they renege on the agreements that are formally signed under the WTO. Using the concept of Kandori's (2003 ) "morale equilibrium," we formalize this idea and show that countries can agree on a cooperative level of the binding tariffs but they occasionally deviate from the agreement, which lowers the morale and invites further deviations in the future.     

THE WTO AND ANTIDUMPING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Since the 1995 inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO), developing countries have become some of the most frequent users of the WTO-sanctioned antidumping (AD) trade policy instrument. This paper exploits newly available data to examine sector-level use of nine of the major "new user" developing countries, matching data on production in 28 different three-digit ISIC industries to data on AD investigations, outcomes, and imports at the six-digit Harmonized System product level. We present economically significant evidence consistent with theory that developing-country industries that seek and receive AD import protection are responding to macroeconomic shocks, exhibit characteristics consistent with endogenous trade policy formation, and face some changing market conditions consistent with requirements of the WTO Antidumping Agreement. However, the evidence also suggests substantial heterogeneity in determinants of AD use across developing countries, which highlights the flexibility of this policy as a protectionist tool responsive to many different types of political-economic shocks.     

The Effects of Consumer Bliss on Welfare Economics

Some developed countries have sought to counteract what they see as unfair competition faced by their domestic industries arising from the employment of child labor in the production of consumer goods in developing countries by including a "social clause" in the World Trade Organization (WTO) charter. Many people and civil society organizations in developed countries are also genuinely concerned with child labor employment purely on humanitarian grounds. In this paper we have argued that a more appropriate approach to tackle the child labor problem would be to facilitate acceleration of growth in developing countries through greater, not less, integration of these countries into the world trading system. We have also argued that directing development assistance for improving institutions and social infrastructure would be more effective than trade sanctions.     

Modeling of the impact of the financial crisis and China's accession to WTO on China's exports to Germany

We focus on discussing the impact of China's accession to WTO and the financial crisis on China's exports to Germany, particularly in agricultural products, based on some most recent proposals. Firstly, structural breaks caused by those events are detected. Then the Box–Cox model and a new tree-form Constant Market Share (CMS) model are fitted to discover the long-term impact of those events on the trade relationship between China and Germany and the growth causes of China's exports to Germany. We found that China's accession to WTO had a negative short-term impact on China's exports and its market share in agricultural products, but a positive short-term impact on its market share in industrial products and a positive long-term impact on its exports and market share in both classes. The tree-form CMS model shows the growth of China's exports to Germany due to competitiveness after this event was much higher than before. The financial crisis exhibited a negative short-term impact on China's exports to Germany, but a positive short-term impact on China's market share and the trade relationship between both countries in industrial products. China's market share in agricultural products was not affected by the financial crisis.     

REGULATORY COOPERATION, AID FOR TRADE AND THE GATS

Abstract.   This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the WTO. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the regulatory preconditions for benefiting from market opening. We argue that prospects for multilateral services liberalization would be enhanced by making national treatment the objective of WTO services negotiations. Moreover, if complemented by assistance to strengthen regulatory capacity in developing countries, the WTO could become more relevant in promoting not just services liberalization but, more importantly, domestic reforms of services policies.     

INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

The idea of industrial policy is to cure perceived market failures of various sorts. This also has been the meat of development economics for decades. Moreover, strong similarities exist between the specific goals of industrial policy advocates for developed countries and goals of governments in less developed countries. Both groups seek to pick industrial winners, deal with externalities, improve the balance of trade, and attract high-tech industries. Given that markets appear not to operate as well in developing countries as in their developed counterparts, we would expect industrial policy to work particularly well in LDCs since many important market failures should be relatively easy to identify and the gains from correcting them should be great. Moreover, because LDCs tend to intervene more than their developed counterparts, we would expect them to exhibit particularly strong effects of this intervention. Thus, the experiences of LDCs constitute a well endowed laboratory to study the effects of industrial policies in practice, and to yield lessons relevant for both industrial and developing countries. This paper explores these experiences, and closes with some lessons for the design of sensible industrial strategy.