受教育水平、教育回报率与收入差距

人均收入的差距受人力资本差距影响，人力资本差距越大，人均的收入差距就会拉大。同时如果教育差距体现在高等教育水平上，则收入差距会拉开更大；若教育差距体现在初级教育水平上，则收入差距拉开会相对前一种情况要小一些。中国教育回报率的变化不同于国际上的一般趋势，更多地表现为教育程度越高、教育的边际回报也越高的趋势。教育水平，教育回报率与收入差距三者之间的关系表明要减小收入差距必须加大教育投入，缩小教育及其回报率的差距。     

教育对中国居民收入的影响分析——基于分位数回归和收入分布的考察

教育作为人力资本形成的最主要因素,影响着收入分配,但教育对不同收入水平人群的效应并不相同。本文采用分位数回归方法估计教育回报率,以分析教育对收入水平的影响,并通过考察教育扩张引起的收入分布位置和形态的变化来分析教育对收入不平等的影响。研究结果表明,性别、城乡、单位所有制类型以及职业类型对各分位点上的教育回报率影响显著;受教育程度提高使收入分布位置右移、离散程度增加,教育扩张加剧收入不平等;而右偏程度减小又减弱收入不平等程度;总体上说教育对收入不平等的影响作用被削弱了。     

中国行业收入不平等问题的解析

进入新世纪以来,中国行业收入不平等有持续扩大的趋势。基于回归方程的Shap-ley分解结果表明,人力资本、所有制、资本投资、技术等因素对行业收入差距有显著影响,其中人力资本对行业收入差距的贡献约为45%,所有制的贡献在20%以上。因此在治理措施上,实施教育均等化,提高教育回报率,开放垄断行业的劳动力市场,推行劳资谈判制度可以有效缓解行业收入差距持续扩大的问题。     

人力资本积累与农户收入增长

采用2003—2010年全国农村固定观察点微观面板数据,运用统计性描述和计量分析方法,基于回报率和贡献率双重视角,本文研究了人力资本积累对农户收入增长的影响、作用路径及其变化趋势。研究发现:健康、基础教育、技能培训和工作经验所体现出的人力资本对农户收入增长有显著作用,总贡献率为38.57%。其中,健康和基础教育是影响农户收入的核心人力资本变量;人力资本主要是通过劳动性收入对农户收入产生影响,对以外出务工收入为核心的工资性收入的回报率和贡献率最为显著;随着农村市场化改革推进,人力资本对农户收入的回报率和贡献率却均呈现弱化趋势。坚持提升农户人力资本积累的基本战略,完善市场机制配置资源与财富的作用,对于农户收入水平提高具有重要作用。     

中国城镇居民20世纪90年代收入不平等及其变化——地区因素、人力资本在其中的作用

本文考察了 2 0世纪 90年代以来中国城镇居民的收入分配变化中人力资本和地区因素的影响。一个值得注意的现象是人力资本因素在每一年的收入差异中解释能力仅次于地区因素而且其重要性正在上升。动态分析告诉我们人力资本占到工资基尼系数指标增加的 44 .3 6%。最后 ,我们重点对教育对工资收入不平等的相对要素贡献度的变化进一步分解 ,发现主要是教育和收入的相关性以及教育回报率的增加导致了教育的可解释程度的增加 ,从而造成工资收入不平等的增加 ,而教育本身的不平等有所下降并起到减缓工资收入不平等的作用。     

试论城乡教育不平等对缩小收入差距的影响

随着我国经济的不断发展和改革的不断深化,城乡收入差距也呈不断扩大的趋势。在这种背景下,城乡居民收入的不平等导致了居民受教育机会事实的不平等,更为严重的是,城乡教育的不平等会反作用于居民的收入水平,导致收入差距的进一步扩大。文章研究了教育差距形成人力资本的差异在城乡收入差距中的作用。     

两种就业类型农民工工资收入差距的比较研究

近年来,农民工就业逐渐呈现两种不同类型,即稳定就业和非稳定就业.本文利用对农民工调查的数据,对两种就业类型农民工的工资收入差距及影响因素进行了比较研究.研究发现,稳定就业农民工的平均工资收入水平高于非稳定就业农民工的,并且非稳定就业农民工的内部收入差距高于稳定就业农民工的.两种就业类型农民工内部收入差距的影响因素主要有就业行业、单位所有制、人力资本、性别和城市等;在稳定就业与非稳定就业农民工之间的工资收入差距中,40.52%的工资差异是由禀赋差异形成的,59.48%的工资差异要归结于禀赋回报率差异.     

劳动地理集中、产业空间与地区收入差距

本文基于新经济地理学模型,采用中国1990年、2000年和2007年的普查数据计算了31个省市的劳动集中度,并以此解释产业空间和地区收入差距的发展变化.文章发现:(1)人力资本集中是产业集聚形成的重要因素,人力资本集中度上升会提高地区的收入水平;(2)各省市的人力资本分布不均衡并有可能导致地区收入差距的进一步扩大.本文认为,人力资本存量差异是地区收入差距拉大的重要原因,促进劳动力充分流动、加快推进城市化建设是有效的应对之策.     

职业分层、中产阶级与收入分配

社会职业不仅反映着人们在社会、经济生活中所处的分工角色,它也带来了人们在收入水平和社会经济地位方面的差距和不同,在各种职业背后存在着以生产条件的占有关系为依据的社会生产关系。社会不可能通过消除普通生产劳动行业和职业,让人们都进入"中等收入"职业。因此,要缩小社会收入分配领域的巨大差距,必须改变现有的分配结构,在初次分配领域,即物质生产领域,进行分配制度的改革,增加普通劳动者的收入,使普通劳动者能够通过勤奋劳动达到"中等收入"水平,这才是在社会主义制度下"扩大中等收入者群体"的正确途径。所谓"人力资本"的收益不过是在雇佣劳动制度的生产方式下,部分人能以物质生产乃至资本主义竞争所必需的知识为条件,进入社会生产关系中具有一定社会经济地位的职业,在这种职业上他们利用社会生产关系所赋予的对生产与竞争能力的控制,从社会剩余产品中占有一定份额。因此,"人力资本"所有者的收入并不是所谓"人力资本"的创造,而是由社会生产关系所决定的收入分配形式。     

中国教育发展对劳动收入差距的影响

近十多年来,我国本科及以上教育水平家庭收入与其他教育水平家庭收入之间的差距绝对额在不断拉大,因此,劳动力市场上由教育水平差距产生的收入差距是客观存在的,是否拥有大学学历会产生显著的劳动收入差异.源于教育水平差异的工资收入差距问题的复杂性在于教育水平和生产率的关联性.在劳动力市场上,较高的教育投资回报率会引导个体提高人力资本投资水平,较高的教育水平与较高的生产率水平相联系.我国当前应采取相关政策投资教育、促进教育发展、增加劳动市场上高学历劳动者的数量、降低高学历劳动者的供求均衡价格,这样才会不断缩小来源于教育水平差异的收入差距.     

The impact of education expansion on wage inequality

The findings on education expansion and income inequality have important implications for policymakers to implement effective policies to reduce income inequality. This study attempts to explain how education expansion affects income inequality by education distribution and the rate of return to education. We decompose the effect of education expansion on wage gaps into price effect and structure effect. We compare the income inequality from 2002 to 2013 using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) 2002 and CHIP2013 survey data and employ FFL decomposition method. Our findings suggest that income inequality increased in 2013 and that income inequality among the high-income groups increased even more significantly. The structure effect of education expansion on income inequality is negative, when average education increases one year, the income gap between 80th and 20th will decrease 1.2%, in other words, education expansion decreases income inequality by allowing a wide range of individuals to attend college. However, this effect is offset by the price effect, which is positive and much more significant in magnitude. One extra year of average education will increase income gap by 29% which means that the demand for high-skilled labour is increasing faster than the supply and thus lead to the increasing premium for higher education return.     

教育体系、收入分布与经济增长

本文使用一个包含物质资本与人力资本积累的世代交叠模型,研究不同的教育体系对经济增长的影响.我们发现,在公立教育体系下,最优的教育投资水平高于私立教育体系,收入差异也将会比在私立教育体系下下降得更快.因此,与私立教育体系相比,公立教育体系更有利于人力资本积累,在公立教育体系下一个国家将会有更高的经济增长率与更为平等的收入分布.     

Earnings differences in the labor market of the Arab Gulf states: The case of Kuwait

The Arab Gulf states of Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Qatar have been experiencing common trends of growth and development. The shared features include a large and expanding government sector, ambitious development programs, high standards of welfare and income and high dependence on migrant workers. Without the expatriate manpower it would have been virtually impossible for the economies of these countries to implement their development programs. Yet the presence of expatriates has a direct impact on the size distribution of labor income. Using the rich data of the 1972/73 budget survey this paper shows that the distribution of labor income is more equitable within the indigenous labor force, i.e., Kuwaitis, than within the migrant workers who come from different environments and have varied experiences and educational attainments. The institutional rules prevailing in Kuwait, as well as other Arab Gulf States, discriminate against migrant workers. The paper shows that about 50% of the wage difference between Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti workers is due to discriminatory practices in the labor market. In view of the projected increase in demand for foreign workers in the Arab Gulf States, policy makers are in urgent need of manpower planning and a reconsideration of their discriminatory policies against foreign workers.     

An empirical analysis of income disparity and consumption in China

Using China’s provincial data from 1991 to 2005, this paper analyzes the impact of urban income disparity on their consumption based on static and dynamic panel data models and state space model. The GMM and Kalman Filter methods are used in the estimation and the variables such as income and price are controlled. The empirical results show that the elasticity of permanent income to consumption is much higher than that of temporary income; and the impact of income disparity on consumption is negative and substantial. A rise of 0.01 in the absolute value of Gini coefficient will cause a reduction of 0.35% in consumption on average. The effects fluctuate with the change of economic structure, consumption expectation and economic cycle. In the beginning years of 1990s, it is positive to enlarge income disparity moderately for consumption. It is the year of 1996 that the negative effect first appears in China. During 1998–2004, an increase of 0.01 to the absolute value of Gini coefficient will result in the reduction of consumption to fluctuate between 0.37% and 0.54%. In order to enlarge domestic demand and promote consumption, the focus should be the improvement of permanent income instead of temporary income, and the vigorous policies to reduce income disparity.     

教育均衡与中国区域间收入分配

本文利用受教育年限、人力资本及个人收入之间的关系,对省区间教育均衡性进行研究,分析教育均衡对个人收入影响的相关关系,结论表明:我国各省区间教育差距与人力资本存量呈负相关关系,但受教育总体水平有向均衡发展的趋势。以此,政府应加大对落后地区的投入,提高这类地区的人力资本存量,以促进各地区教育的均衡发展、缩小区域间的收入差距。     

Analyzing Educational Achievement Differences between Second‐Generation Immigrants: Comparing Germany and German‐Speaking Switzerland

In this study, I provide evidence that the educational achievement of second‐generation immigrants in German‐speaking Switzerland is greater than in Germany. The impact of the first‐generation immigrants' destination decision on their offspring's educational achievement seems to be much more important than has been recognized by the existing literature. I identify the test score gap between these students that cannot be explained by differences in individual and family characteristics. Moreover, I show how this gap evolves over the test score distribution and how the least favorably endowed students fare. My results suggest that the educational system of Switzerland, relative to the German system, enhances the performance of immigrants' children substantially. This disparity is largest when conditioning on the language spoken at home, and prevails even when comparing only students whose parents migrated from the same country of origin.     

城乡教育差距与收入差距关系及其成因探究

利用相关年份省级面板数据，研究我国城乡教育差距与收入差距之间的关系。固定效应模型回归结果显示，与城乡基础教育阶段差距相反，中等教育阶段的差距随收入差距和经济水平增长率变化呈现先减小、后增大的非线性变化趋势；政府来源和非政府来源教育经费对不同阶段的城乡教育差距有显著而不同的影响。其成因是城乡收入差距过大导致教育资源分配不平衡、教育机会不均等。     

THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION: A MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Between 1940 and 2000 there was a substantial increase in educational attainment in the United States. What caused this trend? We develop a model of human capital accumulation that features a nondegenerate distribution of educational attainment in the population. We use this framework to assess the quantitative contribution of technological progress and changes in life expectancy in explaining the evolution of educational attainment. The model implies an increase in average years of schooling of 24%, which is the increase observed in the data. We find that technological variables and in particular skill‐biased technical change represent the most important factors in accounting for the increase in educational attainment. The strong response of schooling to changes in income is informative about the potential role of educational policy and the impact of other trends affecting lifetime income.     

收入增长、劳动力外出与农村居民财产分布——基于四省农村的住户调查分析

本文在四省农村住户调查数据的基础上讨论了农村居民收入和外出行为对于家庭财产积累的影响。结果表明,农村居民的财产分布不均等程度要高于收入的不均等性,金融资产的不均等性尤其要高一些;财产不均等与收入不均等之间具有非常密切的关联性,收入不均等将转化为财产不均等。本文的结果也发现,家庭的外出决策对于财产积累,特别是金融资产的积累具有重要影响。     

Foreign direct investment and China's regional income inequality

China's widening regional income inequality coupled with its pronounced regional disparity in foreign direct investment stock since 1990 has claimed the attention of many scholars. While some researchers confirm regional disparity in China's foreign direct investment, others attribute the widening regional income inequality to this regional disparity. This paper thus assesses the impacts of China's stock of foreign direct investment on its regional income inequality using simultaneous equation model and the Shapley value regression-based decomposition approach. Our results suggest that China's stock of foreign direct investment has accounted for merely 2% of its regional income inequality. Furthermore, the contribution ratio of per capita foreign direct investment stock to China's regional income inequality has relatively been on a steady decline since 2002. The decomposition results also reveal that provincial per capita physical assets account for over 50% of the nation's income inequality and 65% of the increases in income inequality since 1990. The other two important determinants of regional income inequality are province location and educational level. However, educational level is found to have a decreasing effect on regional income inequality.