武汉同源足球俱乐部

武汉同源足球俱乐部成立于2001年6月，至今已经走过了7个年头，在省内乃至国内都取得了不错的成绩，球队成员主要来自于武汉公安干警、湖北济生医药有限公司等企业和一些热爱足球的各界友人。俱乐部秉承“以球会友、锻炼身体、快乐足球”的宗旨和“同源必胜”的口号，把武汉业余球队的风格体现得淋漓尽致，经常参加一些省内外举行的大型比赛，并取得不俗的成绩。     

从足球看中国世相

在中国,足球是政治,是经济,是稳定,但就不是足球。足球领袖玩,老板玩,官员玩,但就是没有青少年玩。从小小的足球领域,真可以窥见当前中国的世相了。中国足球一直是中国的老大难问题,简直比卫星上天还难,比把GDP稳在8%还难。自从1994年实行职业联赛以来,球市非常火爆,但国家队成绩不好,让人发愁。2002年韩日世界杯好不容易出线,成绩倒是上去了,但是球迷又没了,     

世界杯:不尽财源滚滚来

世界杯足球赛：全球亿万人的“狂欢节”足球是当之无愧的世界第一运动。无论在富裕发达的欧洲各国还是在贫穷落后的非洲、拉美地区，足球都拥有广泛的爱好者。许多国家的足球联赛被本国人民所钟爱，也是新闻界、商界密切参与的热点，因而火爆异常，使其他体育运动相形见绌...     

新中国历届领导人的足球情怀

正那些曾经喜爱足球、同时身为国家领导的人们,也与平常人一样,因足球之兴而喜,因足球之衰而悲,他们曾经对中国足球寄予厚望、付出心血,也曾经为中国足球腾飞追逐梦想。第20届世界杯,已经在巴西里约热内卢的耶稣山脚落下帷幕。身为中国球迷,如今再回首,在为胜利者欢呼、为失败者唏嘘之余,总有一种失落与惆怅让我们久久难以释怀,那就是:中国何时能够成为足球强国?网上有个段子这样写道:"待到冲出亚洲日,家祭无忘告乃翁。"虽是玩笑之作,却不乏深意:1958年至今的56年间,中国足球队     

奥运会各国获得奖牌数影响因素的实证分析

奥运会是各国体育实力的展示舞台，应该存在一些客观规律决定其成绩好坏。通过对第29届奥运会各国获得奖牌数的实证分析，发现经济实力和东道主效应两个因素对一个国家获得奥运会奖牌数有显著影响。其中，一个国家获得奥运会奖牌份额有50％以上能够由经济实力因素解释。     

巴西魂

再没有哪个国家比巴西更挚爱足球了!对巴西人来说,足球是运动,也是生活.足球在巴西拥有广泛而深厚的群众基础,无论是在海滩,还是在城市的街头巷尾,甚至在贫民窟,都能够看见巴西人踢球的身影.正如巴西总统罗塞夫所说：“在巴西,世界杯就像回家了一样,因为这里是足球的国度.”     

CBA为何未蹈足球覆辙

由于没有像足球那样承担“国家体育”的面子责任，篮球的市场化改革取得那出人意料的成功。     

武术专项基本功训练对精英功夫足球专项能力影响的研究

本文通过对武术运动的基本特点和精英功夫足球的特点进行分析,找到武术训练对功夫足球专项能力训练的影响因素,为精英功夫足球更好的开展训练提供理论依据和实践依据.     

普通高校足球选修课教学探讨

普通高校足球选修课是大学生扩展足球视野、培养足球兴趣、提高足球技术的重要课堂。最早起源于我国的足球运动，经过几个世纪的传播和发展，目前已在世莽范围内被广泛认可和推广。足球运动因其自身具有团队合作性，趣味性、对抗性、娱乐性和观赏价值等特点，现在已经发展成为世界第一大球类运动。近年来，足球运动在我国国内也发展迅速，在高校学生群里广受欢迎。高校的足球选修课应运而生，得到了广大学生的熟捧。     

高校足球选项课中足球意识的培养

在高校足球课教学中，正确的引导学生，合理选择安排教材与教学进度，发挥学生的主体作用，并开发利用体育课程资源，逐步培养高校学生的足球意识，以及参与体育运动的积极性、目的性，从而让学生学会学习，培养学生终身体育的意识与目的，这既是高校对培养人才的基本要求，也是我国现行社会发展的需要。结合大学生的实践和业余等特点，进行多方面的学习，可以提高他们的足球水平，培养其观察、应变等多方面能力，促使大学生形成良好的足球意识。     

Cost performance of Brazilian soccer clubs: A Bayesian varying efficiency distribution model

This paper analyzes the cost efficiency of Brazilian first league soccer clubs using a Bayesian Varying Efficiency Distribution (VED) model. We confirm that the model fits the data well with all coefficients correctly signed and in line with the theoretical requirements. From the efficiency results, it was clear that the Brazilian soccer league operates at a lower performance in comparison to other international soccer leagues. Factors which contributed to this finding as well as other policy implications are provided.     

Contagion effects of national innovative capacity: Comparing structural equivalence and cohesion models

The effective promotion of national innovation performance is a crucial component of national innovation policy. This study examines network contagion effects of national innovative capacity via the international diffusion of embodied and disembodied technology by two different social network models: the cohesion model, based on diffusion by direct communication, and the structural equivalence model, based on diffusion by network position similarity. This investigation then utilizes data of 42 countries during 1997 to 2002 to empirically examine their network relationship. The analytical results demonstrate that international technology diffusion influences national innovation performance through contagion effects, but that the international similarity of national innovative capacity performance is more accurately predicted by network position than by interactions with others; and this study result provides a new perspective for science and technology policy makers.     

Do national soccer results really impact on the stock market?

This study is a response to Klein et al. (2008), which was highly critical of earlier work by Ashton et al. (2003). This work considering the link between international soccer results and stock market returns was challenged by Klein et al. (2008), who reject the presence and importance of this link. In response, this work provides a reassessment of the link between international soccer results and stock market returns within Ashton et al. (2003). This new analysis extends the original work by using a larger dataset, employing an extended range of tests and allowing for outliers. It is reported that, contrary to the findings of Klein et al. (2008), the link between international soccer results and stock market prices does indeed exist particularly within the sample period 1984–2002 used by Ashton et al. (2003). After extending the dataset to include observations from 2002 until 2009, it is reported that the effect on stock market returns has declined in importance over this period, particularly the impact of wins.     

CIVIL WAR EXPOSURE AND VIOLENCE

In recent years scholars have begun to focus on the consequences of individuals' exposure to civil war, including its severe health and psychological consequences. Our innovation is to move beyond the survey methodology that is widespread in this literature to analyze the actual behavior of individuals with varying degrees of exposure to civil war in a common institutional setting. We exploit the presence of thousands of international soccer (football) players with different exposures to civil conflict in the European professional leagues, and find a strong relationship between the extent of civil conflict in a player's home country and his propensity to behave violently on the soccer field, as measured by yellow and red cards. This link is robust to region fixed effects, country characteristics (e.g. rule of law, per capita income), player characteristics (e.g. age, field position, quality), outliers, and team fixed effects. Reinforcing our claim that we isolate the effect of civil war exposure rather than simple rule breaking or something else entirely, there is no meaningful correlation between our measure of exposure to civil war and soccer performance measures not closely related to violent conduct. The result is also robust to controlling for civil wars before a player's birth, suggesting that it is not driven by factors from the distant historical past.     

Soccer and national culture: estimating the impact of violence on 22 lads after a ball

Sports have been recently conceptualized as an effective tool for development. Questioning that argument, recent evidence suggests that the practice of soccer reveals national cultures of violence prevailing in players’ countries of origin. We model violent behaviour in the soccer pitch as a function of game specific controls as well as socioeconomic, political, cultural and conflict variables characterizing players’ home countries. We construct a database for the Latin American 2008 Libertadores Cup Competition and find that across multiple specifications and estimating techniques, only game specific variables determine sanctions to violent actions. There are three compatible explanations for this result: highly skilled soccer players may not be representative average citizens; violent conflicts may not necessarily cause a violent culture affecting all corners of society; and even when violent cultures are transmitted to individual players, those values do not condition significantly their behaviour during games. After all, sports may not be a pernicious activity that intrinsically transmits violent values to youths.     

What shapes player performance in soccer? Empirical findings from a panel analysis

In this article, we investigate the pay–performance relationship of soccer players using individual data from eight seasons of the German soccer league Bundesliga. We find a nonlinear pay–performance relationship, indicating that salary does indeed affect individual performance. The results further show that player performance is affected not only by absolute income level but also by relative income position. An additional analysis of the performance impact of team effects provides evidence of a direct impact of team-mate attributes on individual player performance.     

Competition Among National Football Leagues. Does It Exist? Should We Regulate?

It is often supposed that the stakeholders of a national football league draw more satisfaction from their sport if the league is balanced, that is, if a large number of clubs have a reasonable chance of winning. This is the so‐called Competitive balance hypothesis. This hypothesis can be challenged, however, in the context of international competition like the European champions league. It could be that the utility of national leagues' stakeholders would be higher if the probability of victory for their nation's club at the international level were higher. If this were the case, a league's governing body intending to maximize the quality of the national league by making use of redistributive schemes would face a trade‐off between national competitive balance and international performance of the national representative club. We propose a simple microeconomic framework to model this trade‐off. If a non‐cooperative game exists among the national league governing bodies, whether it is a Nash or a Stackelberg one, this game would result in inefficient redistributive policies. We find ‘soft’ empirical evidence of such a competition among the big 5 football leagues in Europe. This result supports the idea of the creation of an international regulatory body. We derive the conditions under which the international regulatory body should ensure that the leagues' governing bodies implement redistributive schemes guaranteeing the respect of the national competitive balance. We also emphasize the risk of experiencing a drop in the quality of leagues if one of them becomes too big relatively to the others, what we call the tragedy of the wealthy.     

The effect of individual uncertainty on the specificity of human capital: empirical evidence from career developments in professional soccer

This study looks at careers in professional soccer to investigate the determinants of human capital (HC) specificity. Inspired by labour market research, we formulate three hypotheses on how uncertainty about the usefulness of individuals’ (more productive) specific skills affects their investment in (more flexible) general skills. The empirical analysis is based on unique panel data on school grades, soccer evaluations, and sociodemographic characteristics of 90 elite players from the youth academy of a German Bundesliga club. We find that senior and long-serving players, who are comparably certain that their (soccer) specific capital will be sufficient to pursue a lucrative professional career, invest less in general HC at school. Expected soccer performance, in contrast, has a counterintuitive positive effect. Our results expand knowledge on the factors influencing HC specificity from the macro to the subject level and highlight practical implications for institutions that train gifted individuals.     

Changing rewards in contests: Has the three-point rule brought more offense to soccer?

In the mid-nineties FIFA decided to increase from two to three the number of points assigned to the winning team of a soccer match played under traditional round-robin national leagues. Since a game of soccer can be regarded as a contest, FIFA's measure provides an interesting case-study for analysing how a change in the system of rewards (from a zero to a non-zero sum rule) may affect the contestants' equilibrium behaviour. In this paper we try to assess, both theoretically and empirically, whether FIFA's new point rule has changed soccer towards a more offensive game, in which teams adopt more risky strategies. In particular, we evaluate the “na?ve hypothesis” according to which the measure would induce every team to play always more offensively, and we explore the extent to which the change in teams' behaviour may be affected by quality differentials between teams. Our most important hypothesis is that when the asymmetry between opposing teams is large enough, an increase in the reward for victory induces the weaker team to play more defensively, rather than the opposite. By looking at a subset of matches held in the Portuguese first division league, which approximate the conditions of our model, we find support for this hypothesis. First version received: July 1999/Final version received: May 2001     

Regional output growth and the impact of macroeconomic shocks in Mexico

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between national and regional output growth in Mexico, and the impact of domestic and international shocks on national, regional and state output movements. Our results suggest that there are similarities, but also significant differences, in real output dynamics across the regions and states of Mexico and that it would be wrong to regard the Mexican economy as a homogeneous entity. The results show that real output growth in Mexico and the United States are linked, but there is no common output trend for the two countries. At the regional level, it appears that North and Central Mexico share similar features, but the path of output growth is more distinctive in South Mexico. Overall, our results suggest that assessments of macroeconomic performance, and related discussions of policy, should pay greater attention to the potential diversity in regional performance.