关于我国建立遗产税制的思考

随着我国税收体制改革的不断深化及社会高收入阶层的初具规模．遗产税的开征也逐渐被党和政府提上议事日程。这逐渐引起了全国人民的关注，许多专家学者认为在我国目前贫富差距日趋扩大、官员腐败风气愈演愈烈的条件下，开征遗产税已成为当务之急。本文拟从社会和经济方面对开征遗产税的利弊进行效应分析．并指出我国在开征遗产税之前应着力解决的几个问题。     

关于我国开征遗产税问题的思考

遗产税在调节收入分配、缩小贫富差距方面具有难以替代的作用。自新中国建立以来，我国的遗产税几度酝酿开征、又几度搁置。本文在分析我国开征遗产税的意义和面临困境的基础上，对我国遗产税问题的开征提出了建议。     

中国将启动商品价格联合对外谈判机制

国家信息中心认为中国开征遗产税的时机已经成熟，作为社会财富再分配的一项手段，遗产税可缩小社会成员间的贫富差距。     

从科学发展观看我国遗产税的开征

随着我国经济的日益发展,收入水平也相应拉大,及时开征遗产税调节贫富差距的呼声不在少数,但由于遗产税开征有悖税收的效率、公平原则,相应配套的个人收入申报、财产登记制度及立法制度的缺失,同时基于遗产税税源的不足,我国国内税制改革和国际上取消遗产税的国际趋势,我国遗产税的开征时机尚不成熟,应暂缓开征。     

我国开征遗产税与赠与税的可行性分析

我国开征遗产税与赠与税的问题，成为社会广泛关注的热点问题。本文在阐述我国开征遗产税的必要性的基础上，借鉴国外先进经验和做法，探讨我国开征遗产税与赠与税的可行性，进而提出我国开征遗产税与赠与税具体的对策建议。     

我国遗产税征收可行性分析及要素探讨

遗产税在调节社会财富分配,防止社会贫富差距过大方面具有重大作用,但世界各国在实施过程中仍面临一定困难.因此,国内学者对于遗产税是否开征、以何种方式开征一直存在争论.本文由国内外遗产税的发展历程说起,探讨我国开征遗产税在税源、弥补第三次收入分配等方面的可行性与开征过程中可能遇到成本过高、影响投资率等方面的问题,并由此综合分析我国遗产税的征收要素.     

我国遗产税立法若干问题探讨

随着社会贫富差距的进一步拉大，社会各界对开征遗产税的呼声越来越高，遗产税的出台成为日益紧迫的问题。笔者认为现阶段我国开征遗产税的条件基本成熟。本文就遗产税立法的意义、税制模式、立法权和征管权的归属、税收征收管理、赠与税的配合征收以及配套法律制度的进一步完善等几个问题作了的探析。旨在推动我国遗产税立法的完善，尽快开征遗产税，从而达到激励社会生产、增加财政收入、调节收入分配、支持社会保障体系建立、缓解社会矛盾、健全国家的税收制度、维护国家权益的目的。     

我国开征遗产税的紧迫性分析

遗产税具有对部分高收入者征收的选择性,税率设计的累进性,与赠与税同时征收的并行性等特点。我国开征遗产税有利于完善税制,促进社会公平;有利于加强征管;有利于增加财政收入,满足社会保障资金的需要;有利于形成良好的捐赠渠道。开征遗产税是我国经济发展阶段的必然选择。当前,我国通货膨胀率在5%左右,房价和黄金等价格过高,贫富差距过大,百姓对改善当前的收入分配制度呼声很高。文章指出,开征遗产税的时机已经成熟,政府应抓住时机开征遗产税。     

论目前我国开征遗产税的必要性

税收收入是现代国家财政收入的最主要来源.如何开征一个新的税种,制定一套良好的税制是每一个政府最重要的课题.遗产税及赠与税的开征,相较于所得税更具有公平性和效率性,且对私人经济活动的影响不如所得税那么直接.中国目前贫富悬殊的现象加大,遗产税及赠与税的开征、缩小社会贫富差距现象,将显得尤为重要.本文拟从研究遗产税的起源和发展出发,深入分析我国开征遗产税的必要性及可行性,并就开征遗产税的社会意义进行了较为全面的论述.     

辩证看待我国遗产税的征收

遗产税是对财产所有者死亡时遗留的财产课征的税种。近年来 ,随着社会贫富差距的近一步拉大 ,社会各界对开征遗产税的呼声越来越高 ,但现实的收税环境也提醒我们 ,对新税种出台应持谨慎的态度 ,既要看到开征遗产税的社会意义 ,也要冷静分析开征应具备的条件和对经济产生的影响 ,权衡利弊后再作出客观的选择     

中国当前开征遗产税的必要性与可能性——以税收正义为视角

中国当前贫富差距日益扩大,需要建立有效的调控机制,抑制财富的不公平分配,个人所得税与消费税虽然具有调整社会财富分配的作用,但二者的税制模式限制了它们在税收正义上的效力,故有必要开征更具社会公平价值的遗产税,并且目前的经济发展水平、政治环境与道德水平以及法律环境为遗产税的开征提供了可能性。     

中国开征遗产税的可行性研究

遗产税是当今世界许多国家都在征收的一种税收.中国已基本具备了开征遗产税的相关条件.开征遗产税,有利于完善中国的税制体系;有利于调节社会成员的财富状态;有利于维护中国的税收权益;还能够增加政府的财政收入.     

Optimal Taxation of Bequests in a Model with Initial Wealth*

We formulate an optimal‐taxation model where parents leave bequests to their descendants for altruistic reasons. In contrast to the standard model, individuals differ not only in earning abilities, but also in initial (inherited) wealth. In this model, a redistributive motive for an inheritance tax – which is equivalent to a uniform tax on all expenditures – arises, given that initial wealth increases with earning abilities. The introduction of the inheritance tax either increases intertemporal social welfare or has an ambiguous effect, depending on whether the external effect related to altruism is accounted for in the social objective.     

Top Wealth Shares in Australia 1915–2012

Combining data from surveys, inheritance tax records, and rich lists, we estimate top wealth shares for Australia from World War I until the present day. We find that the top 1 percent share declined by two‐thirds from 1915 until the late 1960s, and rose from the late 1970s to 2010. The recent increase is sharpest at the top of the distribution, with the top 0.001 percent wealth share tripling from 1984 to 2012. The trend in top wealth shares is similar to that in Australian top income shares (though the drop in the first half of the twentieth century is larger for wealth than income shares). Since the early twentieth century, top wealth shares in Australia have been lower than in the U.K. and U.S.     

新古典模型中收入和财富分配持续不平等的动态演化

本文讨论了当个人劳动能力和偏好存在差异的情况下，资本收入和劳动收入分配的差异如何通过遗产机制影响收入和财富分配的持续性不平等程度。论文分析表明：在偏好、个人劳动能力和个人收入的随机冲击的影响下，如果市场是完善的，整个经济系统存在收入和财富分配的稳定不平等状态，而且，这种稳定的不平等状态与初始的财富分配的不平等和一次性的产权配置都是无关的。最后，本文分析了资本收入税和劳动收入税对持续不平等程度的影响，通过分析指出：从长期来看，在劳动能力和初始财富存在差异而偏好没有差异的情况下，征收劳动收入税比征收资本收入税更有利于改善由于能力差异所造成的持续不平等。     

Capital income taxation when inherited wealth is not observable

This paper extends the Atkinson-Stiglitz model of direct and indirect taxation to a dynamic setting with two unobservable characteristics: productive ability and inherited wealth. Bequests are motivated by the ‘joy of giving’. A child’s inheritance is a random variable with a probability distribution that depends on his parent’s investment in a ‘bequest technology’. Public borrowing is assumed and implies the modified golden rule. We study the optimal tax policy when two instruments are available: a non-linear (wage) income tax and a proportional tax on capital income. We show that the second instrument ought, in general, to be used but that the tax rate is not necessarily positive. However, a positive tax rate is more likely when there is a positive correlation between inherited wealth and innate ability.     

Redistribution with Unobservable Bequests: A Case for Taxing Capital Income

This paper addresses the question of the optimal taxation of labour and interest income in an overlapping generations model with two unobservable characteristics, ability and inheritance. We assume realistically that saving can only be taxed anonymously, whereas the tax on labour earnings can be individualized and made non-linear. In such a setting, we show that a withholding tax on interest income along with a non-linear tax on labour income is desirable. The role of interest income taxation is to indirectly tax inherited wealth.
JEL Classification D 63, H 2     

The impact of inheritances on the retirement behavior of older Europeans

The aim of this paper is to study how wealth affects retirement behavior. I use data from the 2004–2012 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, covering 10 European countries. Inheritances are used as an exogenous change in wealth to estimate the causal effect of wealth/inheritance receipt on retirement. I apply binary choice models for a sample of persons working in 2004/05 to estimate the effect of inheritance receipt during 2005–2011 on the probability of retirement in 2011/12. By comparing data on expected retirement age at the beginning of the sample period with actual retirement age I am able to control for unobserved factors that might be correlated with wealth and affect retirement decisions. The main findings are: (1) Inheritance receipt is quite common for individuals nearing retirement age (50+). About 20 % of the sample aged 50 and older in 2011/12 live in households that received at least one inheritance between 2005 and 2011. (2) Inheritance receipt significantly increases the probability of retirement and the effect increases with the size of the inheritance. (3) In contrast to what life-cycle theory suggests I do not find any evidence that expected and unexpected inheritances affect adjustments of planned retirement age differently. These results are important for assessing the effect of policies that induce changes in wealth, such as pension reforms, tax reforms or reforms of Social Security, on retirement behavior.     

新古典模型中收入和财富分配持续不平等的动态演化

本文讨论了当个人劳动能力和偏好存在差异的情况下,资本收入和劳动收入分配的差异如何通过遗产机制影响收入和财富分配的持续性不平等程度。论文分析表明:在偏好、个人劳动能力和个人收入的随机冲击的影响下,如果市场是完善的,整个经济系统存在收入和财富分配的稳定不平等状态,而且,这种稳定的不平等状态与初始的财富分配的不平等和一次性的产权配置都是无关的。最后,本文分析了资本收入税和劳动收入税对持续不平等程度的影响,通过分析指出:从长期来看,在劳动能力和初始财富存在差异而偏好没有差异的情况下,征收劳动收入税比征收资本收入税更有利于改善由于能力差异所造成的持续不平等。     

Wealth Distribution and Optimal Inheritance Taxation in Life-cycle Economies with Intergenerational Transfers

Intergenerational transfers are introduced into a general equilibrium life-cycle model in order to explain observed levels of wealth heterogeneity. In our overlapping generations model, heterogenous agents face uncertain lifetime and leave both accidental and voluntary bequests to their children. Furthermore, agents face stochastic employment opportunities. The model is calibrated with regard to the characteristics of the US economy. Our results indicate that bequests only account for a small proportion of observed wealth heterogeneity. The introduction of an inheritance tax increases both welfare, as measured by the average lifetime utility of a newborn, and equality of the wealth distribution.
JEL classification : D 31; D 91; H 21; C 68; E 21