欠发达地区居民创业活动滞后的原因及对策

创业活动正在成为区域经济增长的重要推动力。欠发达地区的创业活动滞后不能有力推动其经济发展。欠发达地区应积极倡导创新与创业精神,营造良好创业环境,鼓励各种主体的创新与创业活动,以培育更多的新企业,促进当地创业活动快速发展。     

论创业创新平台要立足于小微企业

当前我国面临着经济下行的严峻形势,在这关键的经济转轨期,国务院提出了"大众创业、万众创新",以人民的智慧和力量来推动经济社会实现新的发展。而要推动创业创新就离不开重要的平台,从实际情况来看,最好的选择平台就是小微企业。基于这一立足点,文章从"大众创业、万众创新"提出的时代背景及重要意义、小微企业作为创新创业平台的优势、国家对小微企业的政策支持有助于推动创新创业三方面进行分析,以期使小微企业的发展与创业创新实现最佳的结合。     

基于创新创业视角的文化与经济研究——第二届文化与经济论坛(2016)综述

<正>创新创业是经济增长的重要源泉,推进"大众创新、万众创业"已成为中国新常态背景下促进经济转型发展的重大战略选择。创新创业与个体、企业所处的文化环境密不可分,文化对创新创业发挥着重大而深远的影响。目前,文化与经济的关系以及相关问题已经成为经济学的一个新兴的重要研究领域。为了推动这一领域的基础理论和应用研究,由中国社会科学院经济研究所《经济研究》编辑部、中央财经大学经济学院、广西财经学院"海陆经济一体化与海上丝绸之路建设研究     

生产性服务业开放与制造业企业绿色发展

推动高水平开放和绿色发展是中国经济高质量发展的重要目标。基于中国工业企业数据库和污染排放数据库的匹配数据,理论分析并实证考察了生产性服务业开放与企业绿色发展的关系。研究发现,生产性服务业开放会显著降低企业污染排放强度,推动企业绿色发展。机制分析表明,提高企业末端治理能力和企业管理效率是生产性服务业开放推动企业绿色发展的两条重要途径。异质性分析表明,生产性服务业开放对企业污染排放的降低效应在高污染强度行业中的表现更为突出,对高融资约束企业和高能源消耗企业环境绩效的提升作用更强。此外,生产性服务业开放对制造业与服务业共聚水平较高地区的减排效应作用更大。进一步研究发现,生产性服务业开放不仅有利于推动行业内低污染排放强度企业进入和高污染排放强度企业退出的动态更替,还有助于实现制造业企业绿色技术创新、绿色产品创新、能源利用效率提升以及能源投入结构优化。未来政府需要合理制定并实施阶梯性的服务业开放政策,优化地区服务业和制造业产业空间布局,引导生产性服务业与制造业的嵌入融合,赋能制造业绿色生产和绿色创新发展。     

创新创业的“人口红利”与构筑经济增长的新动能

中国经济的转型期对于构筑经济新动能的新人口红利存在着莫大的需求。"两创"是利用中国二次形成的人口红利构筑经济增长新动能的具体体现,也是解决就业、实现社会收入再分配、形成社会公平正义的推动力量。在此过程中,特别要谨慎应对一次人口红利下滑速度超过二次人口红利的构建速度带来的不利影响以及推动创新创业构建新动能过程中面临的制度、环境、主体引领作用的困难。在两创下促进二次人口红利的顺利释放需要进一步深化制度改革,以高等教育的人才创新创业教育为突破口,通过政策和利好的惠及激发全社会的创新创业热情,构建全社会的创新创业文化的氛围,以此催动中国经济长期稳定增长的新活力。     

创业、经济增长与税收政策

中国新常态下的经济增长亟需创新创业支撑,利用供给侧政策驱动经济增长的关键是识别政策对创新创业的激励机制。在评述国外学者关于创业与经济增长的研究成果基础上,重点讨论供给侧政策中税收政策对创业与经济增长的作用。创业既存在于新办企业也存在于现有企业,创业行为以获取(垄断)利润为导向,创业机会具有内生性,知识的形成和外溢不仅使得新进入者捕获创业机会,也驱使现有企业不断创新。推进知识不断创新以及创业机会和实践持续涌现,要求政府放松规制,提高税收弹性。税收对经济增长的作用路径是企业对预期净利润获得规模收益,不同的税制对现有企业和创业企业的影响不同,在累进税制下,税收对创业的影响又取决于创业者自身的风险态度,税收优惠并非促进创业的必然选择。中国在制定相应税收政策时必须综合考虑微观创业者特征,制定差别化税收激励政策。     

中国对外直接投资新特征及新趋势——创新对外直接投资政策与实践的思考北大核心SSCI

2017年,世界经济复苏进程仍不稳固,中国经济持续健康发展,成为世界经济增长的主要动力源和稳定器。在政府推动形成全面开放新格局,扎实推进“一带一路”建设,创新对外投资方式政策的引导下,中国企业成为新兴经济体跨国公司的代表,     

数字经济能够提升企业创新质量吗——基于新熊彼特增长理论视角

发展数字经济是把握新一轮科技革命和企业创新机遇的实践探索。在构建数字经济发展体系的背景下，选取2011—2021年中国A股上市公司数据，基于新熊彼特增长理论，实证检验数字经济对企业创新质量的影响效应。结果表明，数字经济能够显著提升企业创新质量，在选取历史数据作为工具变量及稳健性检验后，这一结论仍然成立；外部媒体关注度、组织冗余资源和高管研发经验能够强化数字经济与企业创新质量间的正向关系。进一步研究表明，数字经济通过推动人力资本升级和提升研发能力对企业创新质量产生积极效应；相较于非高新技术行业企业和国有企业，数字经济对高新技术行业企业和非国有企业创新质量的正向促进作用更显著；企业高质量创新能够提升全要素生产率和企业价值。研究有助于拓展数字经济与企业创新质量相结合的分析框架，为推进企业创新发展和赋能经济提质增效提供参考建议。     

市场一体化与城市创新创业

加快提高城市创新创业水平是中国转换增长动能、推动高质量发展的关键。基于2007-2019年中国255个地级市面板数据，利用双向固定效应模型考察了市场一体化对城市创新创业水平的影响及其作用机制，并参照“中心-外围”理论的分析思路，讨论了市场一体化对城市创新创业水平的影响在“与中心城市的距离”这一维度上的异质性和经济后果。结果显示，市场一体化显著提高了全国整体的城市创新创业水平。异质性分析发现，两者关系在欠发达城市更为显著；城市市场一体化对本地创新创业水平的影响依其与省内中心城市的距离不同而表现出差异，其促进作用在距离中心城市100～200公里范围内最显著。进一步的经济后果分析表明市场一体化对城市创新创业的促进作用在外围城市更为显著，进而有助于缩小省内中心-外围城市经济发展差距。研究结论为加快城市创新创业发展、缩小地区经济发展差距、扎实推进共同富裕提供了有益启示。     

“三创”的文化新领域

随着文化产业的发展成熟,其对于创新创业的意义也通过国家和创业者两个层面显现了出来.在国家层面上,“大众创新、万众创业”的最大意义在于推动产业转移.而从世界范围看,文化产业已经成为了促进经济增长的重要领域. 自从去年9月李克强总理在夏季达沃斯论坛上提出“大众创业、万众创新”的新号召,创新创业就成了一个热点话题,受到了国家和地方前所未有的关注,青岛自然也不例外.6月,市委市政府为全面落实创新驱动发展战略工作,提出了把青岛建设成为创新之城、创业之都、创客之岛的“三创”工作战略.     

新能源汽车产业发展的政策支持

新能源汽车是低碳经济的必然选择,代表汽车产业的发展趋势。新能源汽车产业化发展的直接推动力就是国家的相关扶持政策。美国、日本和欧洲的发达国家对新能源汽车技术高度重视,从汽车技术变革和产业升级的战略出发,颁布了优惠的政策措施。中国新能源汽车产业的发展也在政府支持下开局、破局和蓬勃发展。     

Real Effects of Monetary Policy in New Zealand

This article analyses the dynamic effects of unexpected domestic and foreign monetary policy shocks on industrial output in New Zealand based on a new open economy macroeconomic model. Empirical analyses are performed using unrestricted recursive open economy vector autoregressive models involving policy and non‐policy variables for New Zealand and four of its most important trading partners (that is, Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States). The empirical findings are in accord with the qualitative predictions of the conventional monetary transmission mechanism applicable to a small open economy. Consequently, no empirical anomalies are observed in the dynamic behaviour of New Zealand industrial output in response to restrictive monetary innovations of domestic and foreign origin.     

A monthly econometric model of the transmission of the Great Depression between the principal industrial economies

This article describes and estimates, with monthly data, a model of the economic interactions between the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Germany over the years 1927–1936. Despite the radically different economic environment, the model shows broadly similar qualitative and dynamic responses to policy instruments and other changes to those of multi-country models estimated on more recent data. The model is simulated to assess the causes of the Great Depression and the particular contribution of European and American policies to the slump. Optimum strategic policy equilibria are then computed. They point to the mismanagement of the US economy as the principal cause of the depression, although French and German policies were also harmful. British policymakers performed rather well, but their economy suffered because of the other countries’ policy errors.     

FOREIGN TAKEOVERS AND NEW INVESTMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES

This study is unique in several respects. First, it reviews the characteristics of the top 10 industries targeted for foreign direct investment (FDI) activity in the United States between 1979 and 1987. It analyzes both overall FDI activity and new plant and expansion FDI activity. The study summarizes and tests alternative hypotheses regarding the determinants of FDI in the United States by all countries, by the United Kingdom, by the European Community, by Japan, and by Canada.
Large and growing product markets in an expanding economy have attracted FDI in the United States. Exchange rate movements have prompted opportunistic decisions to invest in U.S. production facilities. Investors' superior management skills appear to have prompted takeovers, while efforts to realize technological advantages of new physical capital and of relatively large operating plants have fostered plant and expansion investments.
Evidence exists that a desire to circumvent current—but not potential—trade restrictions has motivated foreign direct investment. FDI activities are not associated with concentrated or heavily unionized industries. Highly protected industries have attracted heavier equity FDI by Japan and heavier new plant FDI by all sources and Canada. No evidence exists that FDI in the United States by Japan or anyone else is targeted to undercut union-dominated firms or to arrest the spread of protectionist trade policies.     

FOREIGN TAKEOVERS AND NEW INVESTMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES

This study is unique in several respects. First, it reviews the characteristics of the top 10 industries targeted for foreign direct investment (FDI) activity in the United States between 1979 and 1987. It analyzes both overall FDI activity and new plant and expansion FDI activity. The study summarizes and tests alternative hypotheses regarding the determinants of FDI in the United States by all countries, by the United Kingdom, by the European Community, by Japan, and by Canada.
Large and growing product markets in an expanding economy have attracted FDI in the United States. Exchange rate movements have prompted opportunistic decisions to invest in U.S. production facilities. Investors' superior management skills appear to have prompted takeovers, while efforts to realize technological advantages of new physical capital and of relatively large operating plants have fostered plant and expansion investments.
Evidence exists that a desire to circumvent current—but not potential—trade restrictions has motivated foreign direct investment. FDI activities are not associated with concentrated or heavily unionized industries. Highly protected industries have attracted heavier equity FDI by Japan and heavier new plant FDI by all sources and Canada. No evidence exists that FDI in the United States by Japan or anyone else is targeted to undercut union-dominated firms or to arrest the spread of protectionist trade policies.     

The Fallacy of Free Trade *

The purpose of this paper is to explode the myth of free trade. Productivity and real wages in the United States rose sharply between 1950 and 1972, but since then real earnings have been falling in spite of a continuous rise in productivity. It turns out that America was more or less a closed economy until 1972, as its trade/GNP ratio was close to 10%; but since then it has become an open economy. the theoretical model shows how real wages may fall in an open economy, but not in a closed economy, in spite of rising productivity.     

美国科技创新实力及创新体系优劣势分析

美国在世界经济中的霸主地位,很大程度上取决于其科技创新实力。美国创新实力强,整体竞争力表现突出;基础研究能力强,科技论文产出世界领先;企业创新能力强,技术创新成果大量涌现。美国政府非常重视创新,不断出台新政策促进创新,提高对创新基础要素的投资,支持创新的商业环境,并且,产学官结合紧密。美国政府是科技创新的重要推手,美国国家创新体系有着独特的优势,而且这种优势有望继续为美国经济增长提供重要支撑。     

次贷危机后美国经济金融化趋势是否逆转?

20世纪70年代以来资本主义经济金融化趋势显著,以金融资本为主导的积累模式在一定时期内刺激了资本主义经济增长,但也为由美国次贷危机引发的2008年国际金融危机埋下了祸根。而今,距离危机的爆发已经十余年,危机后当代资本主义也经历了一系列调整。本文考察了危机后美国政府的系列"再工业化"政策、新自由主义持续强劲的势头、新形势下美国经济的新矛盾与新变化,探讨"再工业化"能否为美国寻得摆脱经济危机的新型积累模式、危机后金融部门为何迅速恢复并依然主导美国经济、劳资矛盾的持续加剧能否催生新的变革等问题,认为危机后美国经济金融化趋势尚未逆转,新型积累模式尚不可得,其实质是资本主义内部的经济调节机制无法解决其持续激化的基本矛盾,而矛盾的激化酝酿着新的变革。     

从美、日、欧经验探索我国低碳经济实现路径

低碳经济是一种全新的经济发展模式,其实质是能源高效利用、清洁能源开发,核心是能源技术、产业结构和制度创新以及人类生存发展观念的根本性转变。首先,通过文献回顾,系统阐述了美、日、欧典型经济发达国家关于低碳经济的相关政策和发展经验;其次简单探讨了当前我国发展低碳经济困难;最后从宣传、经济政策和低碳技术体系三方面探讨了中国发展低碳经济的路线图。     

The United States is a Small Country in World Trade*

Despite being the largest country in world trade and thus presumably having high optimal tariffs, the United States has long had low and declining levels of protection. This paradox suggests that the United States is failing to exploit its monopsony power by levying optimal tariffs. Using data on world output and trade flows, we find that the United States is a small country in world trade in that its trade policies have negligible impacts on world prices. In the median manufacturing industry, US tariffs reduce world prices by only 0.12%. United States optimal tariffs are also typically small (3.6% in the median industry) and are lower than existing US tariffs in most industries. It is no puzzle that the United States has been a champion of free trade since the 1930s—the United States, like other small countries, benefits economically from tariff reductions.