国内外水资源经济学发展逻辑的异同辨析

国内水资源经济学多被认为是国外资源环境经济学与中国水资源实践相结合的产物,然而,研究显示两者有着不同的发展路径和制度特征。文章首先梳理了经济学理论体系,辨析了水资源经济学相关概念,认为国外的水资源经济学和国内的水资源学有着密切的联系。其次,梳理了国外水资源经济学的理论基础、发展逻辑,认为国外水资源经济学遵循于微观经济学的成本—收益分析、外部性、外部性内部化、生态价值的逻辑。微观机制与宏观研究的结合成为国外宏观研究的基础。再次,成本—宏观收益是国内研究的基础,其发展逻辑符合我国水资源管理改革的实践,发展逻辑是从宏观到微观的导向。最后,从产权层面、管理层面、规划层面分析了这种差异的原因。     

发展与代价

发展与代价联系起来并考虑社会发展,实际上是西方社会发展理论把西方主流经济学中的"成本—收入"模式引入到社会主义发展理论之中,而提出的一个观察社会的新视角。中国是后发展国家,在向西方学习的同时,我们要尽量避免走西方已经遭受到重大代价的老路,一方面,要不失时机地选择适当的发展模式;另一方面,要继续深化政治改革,从而减少不必要的社会转型的代价。     

公共政策的决策成本探析

任何决策都需要成本。作为以政府为主的“公共权力机关经由政治过程所选择和制定的为解决公共问题、达成公共目标、实现公共利益的方案”① 的公共决策 ,自然也不例外。研究公共政策的决策成本 ,对于促进决策的科学化、民主化具有十分重要的意义。一公共政策的决策成本研究始于国外 ,发源于 2 0世纪 5 0年代的“公共选择”理论。是用经济学的方法研究资源配置的非市场过程。简单地说 ,公共权力机关与企业、私人在配置资源上的主要区别是 ,后者基于供求关系的市场决定 ,决策是由企业和个人分别做出 ;前者则通过非市场的政治过程来决定 ,决策…     

农村人力资本迁移的公共政策分析

加快农村劳动力向城市迁移以及城市化的进程，是当前政府的一项重要经济和社会政策。本文结合制度经济学、公共管理学等方面知识，从迁移的成本收益角度出发，对当前农村劳动力迁移方面的公共政策进行了分析，以期能够优化农村劳动力迁移的制度模式。     

企业战略与结构的选择:交易成本的视角

以交易成本经济学为基础，将战略和结构的选择看成是战略的收益和由此带来的官僚成本的函数，从而对企业不同的战略和结构进行成本和收益分析，认为企业成长战略与结构的选择是成本和收益的相对比较．而企业成长和剥离是成本收益权衡这一过程的逻辑结果，强调这一过程中企业家才能的重要性和合适的结构对企业战略的战略收益性的实现的重要性。     

管制合同的法经济学研究与搁置成本处置——以电力行业为例

公共事业市场化改革从法经济学的视角是公共事业管制者对原有管制合同的违约,其违约行为对在位公共事业企业造成的违约损害即搁置成本,而建立在效率基础上的搁置成本的补偿则是管制合同违约的损害救济,这一逻辑是搁置成本所引发的全部法经济学问题的核心.文章对中国电力市场改革中管制者与公共事业企业的关系进行法经济学的分析,并指出对于长期缺乏法律约束的中国公共事业管制者而言,合理的搁置成本处置将会约束管制者本身,并避免无约束的管制乱用.     

试分析药事管理中的成本效果

药物经济学即对卫生保健系统以及社会药物治疗成本的描述和分析,是一种评定药物治疗成本的研究方式,CEA分析法是其中最为常用的成本分析方法,CEA分析法反对不惜任何代价过于追求昂贵卫生服务,也反对片面强调经济效益的提高,导致患者由于费用问题无法进行治疗的方法,本文即将探讨的是利用CEA分析法分析新药、进口药品、医疗机构、中药的成本效果.     

西方社会保障制度的经济学脉络

现代社会保障制度的产生与发展始终与现代经济学理论的发展结合在一起,从经济学角度梳理社会保障制度产生的根源和基础,从而分析现代经济学理论与思想对社会保障制度的变迁与演进产生的影响,探寻现代社会保障制度发展过程中的经济学逻辑,是现代社会保障制度可持续发展的前提与保证。本文从社会保障制度内在的经济学逻辑出发,仔细梳理了西方社会保障经济学的发展与演进,探寻现代社会保障制度中的经济学逻辑,为建立一套适应我国国情的社会保障制度提供学理上的准备。     

商品使用成本—经济运营决策的一个重要参数

一、商品使用成本是客观存在的经济范畴由生产者生产而由消费者使用的商品 ,其经济成本具有双重存在 :生产成本和使用成本。迄今 ,商品使用成本 ,即商品使用者为使用某一商品所付出的各种代价 ,尚未引起理论经济学和经济管理学的应有重视 ,但这一成本是普遍存在的客观经济范畴。1、商品使用的机会成本。消费者购买使用某一商品 ,一般存在两种机会成本。一是 ,在其购买能力既定的情况下 ,消费甲商品 ,就必须放弃对乙商品的享用。这种意义上的机会成本 ,与各种商品的比价有关。各种商品比价的变动 ,会直接影响各种商品的相对机会成本。二是 ,…     

制度经济学的新进展:效率与制度关系再认识

美国威斯康星大学经济学教授丹尼尔·W·布罗姆利（Daniel·W·Bromley,1940—）的著作《经济利益与经济制度:公共政策的理论基础》（1989年由英国巴西尔·布莱克韦尔公司出版;中译本由陈郁等翻译,上海三联书店和上海人民出版社1996年联合出版）,是一本代表了西方制度经济学新进展的杰作。它批判了科斯、德姆塞茨、诺思等西方流行的制度变迁理论,认为这种以效率为基础的制度变迁理论在很大程度上是同义反复,是错误地界定了制度变迁的源泉。在此基础上,他对效率、市场、产权、交易费用、技术外部性等一系列经济学核心概念进行了批判、分析和重新界定。尤其难能可贵的是布罗姆利教授还在经济学的方法论上批判了逻辑实证主义的错误:在科学哲学领域内当实证主义已经走下坡路时,经济学家几乎跟     

退耕还林的经济学理论基础:基于外在性和公共品理论的考察

本文将退耕还林工程纳入主流经济学框架中进行分析，对其经济学理论基础进行评价，并揭示其内在的经济学逻辑。首先，在外在性理论框架中讨论开征庇古税的局限性，借用科斯定理自愿的市场交易方式也难以达到退耕还林及水土保持的效果。其次，通过建立一个公共品供给博弈模型阐明了退耕还林由城市居民承担成本的原因，并借用最优税收理论阐明这一理论所导致的政策的社会成本高昂，作为一种替代机制的委托一代理成为节约社会成本的方式。最后，提出了若干政策建议。     

Fundamental obstacles to the use of scientific information in public policy making

In contrast to the prevailing view that more effective use can be made of scientific information in public policy formation, several fundamental obstacles to the effective use of science are identified and described. It is argued that any effort to bring scientific information to bear on public policy must show how these obstacles have been removed.     

中国民众能源问题意向与政府政策导向——基于问卷调查研究*

本文基于对调查问卷数据的分析，从民众对能源的关心程度、民众对能源知识和能源国情的了解程度、民众对能源问题的看法、民众对用电问题的反映以及民众对核能的态度等方面进行调查。结果表明:大多数受访者对能源问题比较关心，具有一定的能源知识，但对能源的国情了解程度不够；民众对能源问题的看法和用电问题比较理性；民众对发展可再生能源持支持的态度，也愿意为可再生能源的使用承担一定的费用；特别是，大多数受访者对核能的发展是积极支持的；民众具有强烈的环境保护意识，如何平衡好民众能源使用与环境保护之间的关系是未来需要关注的重点。本文还发现，人们的环境责任感与收入水平存在相关性，这在行为科学或行为经济学上有一定的创新意义。     

Nonlinear Pricing, Redistribution, and Optimal Tax Policy

This paper examines the role of nonlinear pricing by public (or regulated) utilities as a redistributive mechanism in presence of an optimal nonlinear income tax. It models an economy with many types of persons who differ in two unobservable characteristics (earning abilities and tastes). We show that nonlinear pricing does have a redistributive role; it is not a substitute for an ill-designed tax policy. We prove, assuming separable preferences, that a person whose valuation of the public sector output is smaller than the average valuation of the population (all measured at the same consumption bundle) must face a marginal price for the good above its marginal cost. Further assuming that tastes and earning abilities are perfectly correlated, we prove that everyone must face a marginal price for the public sector's output which strictly exceeds its marginal cost if correlation is positive. These properties provide an economic rationale for the provision of "support for low-income consumers" as mandated by the universal service and similar regulatory policies. Finally, we show that with correlated characteristics, implementation can be achieved through two separate functions: a pricing function that depends only on the public sector output and a tax function that depends only on income.     

货币政策能对股价的过度波动做出反应吗?

本文分三种情形讨论货币政策是否能对股价的过度波动做出反应 :( 1 )完美市场中的资产选择模型表明 ,在给定的约束条件下 ,股价没有高估或低估的情况 ,市场完美的调节机制不需要货币政策的干预 ;( 2 )完美市场约束条件修正后的资产选择模型表明 ,在信息费用的约束下 (信息费用是约束条件下的极小化 ) ,一是市场自身有纠错的功能 ,二是央行干预的种种前提不成立。 ( 3 )中国特定约束条件下的资产选择模型表明 ,股市高的预期收益率主要由高的风险报酬和高的交易成本所抵补 ,利率调节对股市上升中的高收益率和下跌中的深度套牢没有任何影响 ,货币政策干预股市过度波动是无效的。     

经济政策选择的交易成本分析方法

经济发展在一定意义上是一系列经济政策选择的过程.在数学上,经济政策的选择与微观经济学消费者选择可以具有同样形式.然而,从内容上看,经济政策的选择无法直接应用消费者行为理论进行分析,因为前者没有市场价格.为了解决这个问题,需要引进交易成本的概念,经济政策的交易成本相当于市场价格.这样,一种经济政策选择的理性模式就可以建立起来.     

On the Second-best Policy of Household's Waste Recycling

This study analyzes the second-best household's waste recycling policy. If we assume the first-best economy with no illegal disposal or transaction costs, then unit pricing, an advance disposal fee and a recycling subsidy are required in order to achieve the social optimum such that both the sum of unit pricing and an advance disposal fee and the sum of unit pricing and a recycling subsidy are equal to the marginal disposal cost. Furthermore, the first-best outcome can also be obtained by a producer take-back requirement system.In the real economy, however, various factors prevent the first-best optimal outcome. In this study we consider two factors, one being the transaction cost associated with a recycling subsidy (or refund) and the other being illegal disposal by the consumer. If a recycling subsidy (or a deposit-refund system) is adopted, a transaction cost associated with it will be generated. Alternatively, if unit pricing is adopted, some of the consumed goods may be disposed of illegally. We show the complete trade-off between unit pricing and a recycling subsidy. In other words, we can not adopt unit pricing and a recycling subsidy simultaneously. As a result, there are three candidates for the second-best policy: unit pricing with an advance disposal fee, a deposit-refund system, and a producer take-back requirement system.Which of these three policies is the second-best policy will depend on the relative magnitude of the price of a recycled good and the marginal transaction cost associated with a recycling subsidy (or the refund in a deposit-refund system). Generally, if the price of a recycled good is positive and the marginal transaction cost is relatively high, unit pricing with an advance disposal fee is the second-best policy. However, where the price of a recycled good is negative and the marginal transaction cost is relatively high, a producer take-back requirement system is the second-best policy. Further, where the marginal transaction cost is relatively low, a deposit-refund system is the second-best policy, regardless of whether the price of a recycled good is positive or negative.     

The welfare impact of a managerial oligopoly with an altruistic firm

I analyse the welfare impact of a mixed market with a private or public firm that is characterised by wider objectives or altruism, in the presence of an agency problem. Contrary to some earlier findings, the total surplus turns out to be increasing in the degree of altruism. This impact is stronger than without an agency problem, despite more stringent conditions for the market to remain mixed. The altruistic firm is more cost efficient, and viable if the market can remain mixed. A competition policy that encourages entry may increase welfare, but its scope is reduced by higher altruism.     

Panel cointegration estimates of the user cost elasticity

The effect of user cost on the capital stock is an issue of central importance in economics, with implications for tax policy, economic development, growth, monetary policy, business cycle models, and other areas. Estimating the user cost elasticity raises serious simultaneity problems because of the large fluctuations in investment demand at business cycle frequencies. If shifts in the supply curve (due to technological change and tax reforms) are more persistent than shifts in demand, cointegration techniques, which emphasize long-run movements, can reduce the simultaneity problem. If shocks to capital demand are partially idiosyncratic, the use of firm-level panel data should also reduce the simultaneity problem. In this paper, we therefore use cointegration techniques to estimate the user cost elasticity on panel data. Specifically, we employ a newly constructed data set with a long time series of firm-level data on the capital stock and with detailed industry-specific data on the interest rate, the price of investment goods, risk, and taxes.     

Dynamics of the UK natural gas industry: System dynamics modelling and long-term energy policy analysis

We present a dynamic model of the indigenous natural gas industry in the UK. The model has been built using a system dynamics approach. Using the model several scenarios have been analyzed. We found that management of the supply-side policy alone cannot substantially postpone the discovery, production and consumption peak. We also found that the dynamics of the main variables, namely, exploration, production and consumption, are sensitive to initial demand conditions. Postponing the onset of gas price increases can therefore be achieved more effectively through efforts to reduce demand growth. One might expect that a low taxation policy would encourage more exploration and production of gas and thereby stimulate higher consumption rates. Instead, there was no overall net effect on production and consumption in the long term. The depletion effect on cost of exploration acts as counterbalance to low taxation policy. Depletion effect causes cost and thus price to rise further which depress consumption rate. The advances in exploration and production technology can delay the peak of exploration, production and consumption. Technological improvements mean lower cost of exploration and production which pressure down the long-term pattern of price dynamics.