旅游循环经济视野下餐饮业的运营与管理

餐饮业是旅游循环经济产业体系的重要组成部分.在循环经济理念下,餐饮业除坚持特色制胜、质量为本、综合效益原则外,还应遵循减量优先、重复使用、循环利用、持续改进原则.餐饮业应树立旅游循环经济理念,在政府主导、技术支撑、多方参与的发展模式下,抓好餐厅及附属建筑的生态设计、原料和能源绿色采购与存储、绿色食品的清洁生产、面向客人的绿色服务、废弃物处理等关键环节,以节约资源、降低成本、增加收入、减少污染、造福社会.     

循环经济模式下的绿色饭店发展策略研究

饭店要实现可持续发展，必须使饭店的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益达到高度一致，因此在循环经济模式下创建绿色饭店显得尤为必要。本文从循环经济理论在绿色饭店中的运用着手，分析了在循环经济模式下创建绿色饭店的现实意义，并指出了绿色饭店发展的应对策略。     

循环经济视角下的饭店能耗管理对策探讨

循环经济作为以产品清洁生产、物质和能源的闭路循环使用、废物高效回收为特征的生态型经济发展模式,对饭店业的未来发展影响巨大。通过循环经济对饭店能耗管理的影响分析,研究了新时期饭店能耗管理的模式,认为饭店实施循环经济可从技术节能、管理节能和混合节能降耗等方向推进,并指出饭店的循环经济发展应立足于可持续发展目标,从理念、操作流程到管理方法都应该进行全面的设计更新。     

循环经济与绿色物流

通过分析循环经济与绿色物流产生的共同理论背景,指出绿色物流包括为实现资源再利用而进行的废弃物循环物流,而物质闭环流动型经济就是循环经济;通过阐述循环经济与绿色物流的区别与联系,指出循环经济中既包含物流中的回收物流和废弃物流,又涵盖了节能减排的内容;循环经济在生产源头就考虑节省资源,因而达到了从末端治理到源头控制、从利用废物到减少废物的环境与发展协调的更高目标。     

中国发展绿色投资的思路和对策

发展循环经济，绿色投资是一个十分重要的途径。绿色投资的兴起是人类社会在绿色发展时代的必然要求。为加快发展循环经济，必须建立绿色投资制度，应当从绿色投资制度、财政和金融政策、法律法规方面着手，发展绿色投资。     

贵州省循环经济与绿色金融耦合协调发展研究

循环经济与绿色金融相互促进、相互支持,二者耦合协调是区域可持续发展的前提与基础。文章基于熵值法和耦合协调发展模型,以2011—2015年贵州省9个市(州)的面板数据为例,研究循环经济与绿色金融的耦合协调发展程度,其结果表明:①贵州省循环经济与绿色金融整体评价指数得分较低,绿色金融发展滞后;②贵州省循环经济与绿色金融的耦合度与耦合协调度整体表现一般,循环经济发展与绿色金融支持基本保持初步耦合与协调状态;③从时间上来看,贵州省循环经济与绿色金融耦合度与协调度在2011—2015年以保持稳定为主,但个别市(州)出现了下滑。因此,贵州省经济可持续发展,务必协调好经济增长与生态环境保护之间的关系,避免陷入"低发展陷阱"。     

产业升级、生态优化与经济发展——对皖江地区发展循环经济的思考

皖江地区良好的区位条件、优越的自然禀赋与相对较高的经济社会水平引来投资开发的热潮，实现经济快速发展而又不引起生态环境品质下降，因而走循环经济发展模式是地区发展的必由之路。本文从分析皖江地区经济社会与生态环境条件入手，阐释了产业升级与发展循环经济的关联，生态环境优化与循环经济的关联，在此基础上提出相应的策略。皖江地区发展循环经济的总体思路是，以区域协调为依托，以产业政策为导向，以环保法律为保障，经济补偿为调节手段，技术创新为突破点，绿色GDP为目标。     

论如何建立饭店绿色管理的保障体系

饭店绿色管理将环境保护的观念融入饭店的经营管理中，是着眼于追求经济效益、社会效益和环境效益最优化的新型管理模式。为了保证绿色管理在饭店管理中得到有效推广，我们必须建立相应的保障体系。本文从分析饭店绿色管理的内涵出发t对如何建立饭店绿色管理的保障体系提出了几点看法。     

循环经济与绿色税收

我国经济增长以能源消耗为代价，这种情况不利于经济社会的长远发展，循环经济应世而出。本文探讨了以绿色税收促进循环经济的理论基础，对国外绿色税收实施的成功经验进行了概括，最后提出了绿色税收的具体政策。     

论循环经济与我国绿色贸易法律制度的构建

目前,循环经济已成为人类社会发展的主流趋势,绿色贸易成为当今国际贸易发展的重要潮流。作为规范绿色贸易的绿色贸易法律制度的构建深受循环经济的影响。可以说,循环经济是我国绿色贸易立法的重要指导思想。本文在结合循环经济对我国绿色贸易法律制度发展意义的基础上,分析了主要发达国家绿色贸易法律制度的现状,提出了在循环经济背景下建立和完善我国绿色贸易法律制度的建议。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

新员工主动社会化行为与组织承诺关系研究——以社会资本为中介变量

为了探索新员工主动社会化行为影响组织承诺的过程,本文对来自企业的401个有效样本进行了实证分析。本研究运用层级回归的方法,控制了人口统计变量的影响后,发现员工的搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为对组织承诺有直接的正面影响,同时,通过员工社会资本对员工组织承诺产生了间接的正面影响。社会资本在员工搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为影响组织承诺的机制中起部分中介作用。员工的关系构建行为对组织承诺没有显著影响,但对员工社会资本存在显著的正面影响。     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.     

Evidence on the impact of R&D and ICT investments on innovation and productivity in Italian firms

Both research and development (R&D) and information and communication technology (ICT) investment have been identified as sources of relative innovation underperformance in Europe vis-à-vis the USA. In this article, we investigate the R&D and ICT investment at the firm level in an effort to assess their relative importance and to what extent they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel data sample of Italian manufacturing firms constructed from four consecutive waves of a survey of manufacturing firms, to estimate a version of the CDM model of R&D, innovation, and productivity [Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse 1998. Research, innovation and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7, no. 2: 115–58] that has been modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs into innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation, and ICT investment being more important for productivity. For the median firm, rates of return to both investments are so high that they suggest considerably underinvestment in both these activities. We explore the possible complementarity between R&D and ICT in innovation and production, but find none, although we do find complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation.     

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth*

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth are identified. Included is a discussion of his contributions on: the determinants of differences in speed of adoption of innovations; the use of patents to measure technology; the private and social returns to R&D; and spillover effects from R&D. Griliches's own evaluation of his research contribution is compared to the evaluation of others in the field, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the online Web of Science. Griliches's most important contribution is his 1957 Econometrica hybrid corn paper that is a foundation of the economics of technological innovation. Remarkably, the trend in annual citations to the paper has continued to increase for over 40 years. Finally, we summarize Griliches's most recent views on the practice of economics and on the most important unanswered questions in the economics of technology and growth.