异质性、分割生产与国际贸易

在产品的生产链条可以任意分割的情况下，本文考察了不同生产率的公司供应国外市场模式的差异。生产率水平较低的公司选择出口方式；生产率水平较高的公司选择分割生产投资方式，其中，生产率水平越高的公司配置在国外的生产环节越多；生产率水平最高的那些公司选择水平型投资方式。在行业层面，一个行业的技术可分割性越强和行业内公司生产率的异质性越大时，行业的产品出口相对于直接投资的比例越小。     

异质性与跨国公司的战略选择

新新贸易理论将公司异质性引入到国际贸易理论中,从微观层面解释了公司国际化的战略选择。但它们通常假定两国是同质的,所以公司国际化的选择仅局限于出IZl贸易和水平型直接投资。本文构建了三国模型,考察了跨国公司的三种战略选择模式。理论研究表明,生产率最高的公司选择水平型直接投资,生产率较高的公司选择出口平台直接投资,生产率较低的公司选择出口贸易,生产率最低的公司只供应国内市场。发达国家的相对工人工资水平越高、发展中国家建厂成本越小,选择出口和水平型直接投资的公司会越少,而选择出口平台的直接投资公司会越多。     

国际生产分割的生产率效应

国际生产分割对参与国的生产率产生了重要影响。本文使用符合中国特点的生产分割指标考察了中国参与国际生产分割对于工业行业生产率的影响。研究结果表明:中国参与生产分割有利于生产率的提高;非加工贸易形式的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要高于加工贸易形式的生产分割;生产分割提高生产率的效果对不同行业是不同的,中低技术行业最为明显,其次是高技术行业,最低为初级产品、劳动和资源密集部门;从发达国家承接的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要大于从非发达国家承接的生产分割。     

国外异质性厂商贸易理论研究综述

异质性厂商贸易理论代表了国际贸易理论最新发展趋势,研究的是微观经济主体--厂商的贸易和投资行为与自身特征的关系.厂商的市场进入方式与其生产率水平是相对应的,出口和贸易自由化能够提高行业生产率,汇率变化、贸易政策和产业集聚对厂商出口具有重要的影响,厂商进入出口市场前后存在自我选择效应和出口中学习效应,这两种效应都导致厂商生产率提高,最终生产率最高的厂商将以对外直接投资的方式进入国际市场.     

技术进步偏向与中国工业行业全要素生产率增长

文章利用CES生产函数分析了技术进步偏向与全要素生产率增长之间的关系,运用1978—2011年中国工业行业数据核算全要素生产率增长和度量技术进步偏向情况。结果显示:1987年后我国工业及大多数行业技术进步明显偏向资本。工业全要素生产率的整体增长率比较低且1990年后主要呈下降趋势,其主要原因是劳动生产效率的上升速度小于技术进步偏向资本的速度,且资本生产效率下降的速度大于技术进步偏向资本的速度。同时,大多数行业资本偏向型技术进步越突出,则行业全要素生产率增长下降越明显。这说明我国工业及行业技术偏向的选择并非是适宜技术。     

外资异质性、行业差异与东道国技术进步——基于制造业分行业的全参数与半参数估计比较

文章从外资异质性的视角探讨外资对东道国不同行业技术进步的影响,首先通过构建三部门模型进行理论论证,理论分析结论认为两者存在复杂的非线性关系;在经验分析部分,借助2003-2009年中国制造业企业层面的数据,运用全参数和半参数估计方法,分别从外资来源地、外资投资方式、外资技术水平和产品质量等几个角度刻画外资异质性对全要素生产率的影响。结果表明:外资来源地、技术水平及外资出资方式对机电行业生产率水平有显著性影响;外资出资比例、产品品质和目标市场消费水平等对食品行业竞争力影响显著;对外直接投资是当前我国纺织行业发展的最好选择,采用国内并购和吸引外资方式都需要规避资本过度集聚的负面影响。     

生产率进步影响农村人力资本积累吗?——基于微观数据的研究

本文采用中国家庭收入调查数据(CHIP),在动态一般均衡框架下,从理论和实证上研究了农业生产率提高对农村人力资本积累的影响。研究表明,随着农业生产率提高,农村家庭倾向于进行教育投资,进而提升了家庭人力资本积累;过去各期农业生产率对家庭人力资本积累的提高有显著的促进作用;越早期的农业生产率变动,对家庭人力资本积累的影响越大;农业生产率的收入增长效应是提高家庭人力资本积累水平的重要机制;农业生产率提高对于从事农业生产家庭的人力资本积累提高具有显著的推动作用,但对于从事非农生产家庭来说,农业生产率的人力资本积累效应则不很显著。上述结论意味着,国家惠农政策向农业生产率提高和教育投资领域倾斜,对于促进农村人力资本积累具有重要意义。     

美国跨国公司服务中国市场-为什么偏爱出口贸易?

直接投资和出口贸易是跨国公司服务东道国市场的两大主要方式,然而就美国跨国公司而言,与其服务大多数东道国的方式不同,其服务中国市场时主要以出口贸易为主。为此,我们以异质性贸易理论为基础,分析了跨国公司方式选择的理论基础和美国跨国公司和中国作为东道国的比较优势,并借助多个国家的制造业行业数据进行实证检验,试图解释美国跨国公司服务中国市场的经济行为。研究表明,美国服务中国市场的方式主要以混合型直接投资为主,这是美国跨国公司更偏爱出口贸易的主要原因。此外,本文还发现,运输成本越大、生产率异质性越大和工厂水平固定成本越小,跨国公司就会更加偏爱直接投资而不是出口贸易。     

美国跨国公司服务中国市场-为什么偏爱出口贸易?

直接投资和出口贸易是跨国公司服务东道国市场的两大主要方式,然而就美国跨国公司而言,与其服务大多数东道国的方式不同,其服务中国市场时主要以出口贸易为主。为此,我们以异质性贸易理论为基础,分析了跨国公司方式选择的理论基础和美国跨国公司和中国作为东道国的比较优势,并借助多个国家的制造业行业数据进行实证检验,试图解释美国跨国公司服务中国市场的经济行为。研究表明,美国服务中国市场的方式主要以混合型直接投资为主,这是美国跨国公司更偏爱出口贸易的主要原因。此外,本文还发现,运输成本越大、生产率异质性越大和工厂水平固定成本越小,跨国公司就会更加偏爱直接投资而不是出口贸易。     

我国出口企业选择加工贸易的原因探究:生产率和融资约束视角

基于异质性企业全要素生产率和融资约束视角,从理论和实证两个方面对我国出口企业选择加工贸易的原因进行了研究。理论分析表明,生产率较低、融资约束较高的企业倾向于选择加工贸易从事出口;采用2000-2006年中国工业企业数据库和中国海关进出口数据库对应后的数据、利用probit二元离散选择模型和工具变量ivprobit模型估计方法的实证结果表明,我国出口企业融资约束程度越大、生产率水平越低,越倾向于选择加工贸易。稳健性检验结果进一步表明,融资约束较为严重、生产率水平较低的加工贸易企业,将提高加工贸易强度。     

International Organization of Production with Heterogeneous Firms

This paper presents a North–South model with differentiated goods being produced in the North. Each differentiated final good requires both management and manufacturing services as inputs, and firms are heterogeneous with regard to their productivity levels in providing these inputs. Two scenarios of relocating manufacturing to the South, which are interpreted to correspond to vertical foreign direct investment (FDI) and offshoring, are investigated. In both cases there is a minimum level of management productivity required for firms to benefit from relocation of manufacturing to the South. In the case of offshoring, productivity and profit gains are relatively larger for firms with low initial manufacturing productivity. Firms with high initial productivity in both aspects choose not to offshore owing to the presence of fixed costs. The model is subsequently used to examine the implications of global economic integration on the type of firm that exits an industry, changes production location or keeps manufacturing domestically.     

Sources of productivity differentials in manufacturing in post-transition urban South-East Europe

The paper analyses the effects of urbanization and localisation economies on manufacturing firms’ productivity across urban landscapes in post-transition South-East European (SEE) countries. Fixed-effects panel data estimations on a large sample of firms show that the factors accounting for productivity advantages of manufacturing firms in urban post-transition SEE are related to the firms and to the environment in which these firms operate. Firms located in diversified cities benefit from a productivity premium generated in this type of agglomeration, while no evidence was found that the relative specialization across industries has any effect on firm productivity levels.     

Making Sense of Safeguards

The ASG was negotiated in response to the use of extralegal measures and inappropriate use of legal measures to restrict imports. More effective disciplines regarding implementation of Article XIX was recognized as an important unilateralism deterrent in policy implementation. These disciplines are subjective and objective. Disciplines that are quantifiable are more effective. Utilizing both balances rules and discretion. A home and foreign producer are used to assess SG in the context of adverse shocks. This framework entails a novel feature appropriate to SG. Firms are permitted to select optimal levels of downward flexibility in output in response to a possible shock. The extent of adjustment is directly related to the cost incurred. Firms choose flexibility in stage one and output in stage two. Without SG, firms will not insulate themselves completely from the conditional expectation of an adverse shock. Introducing the ASG increases the relative adjustment burden for the foreign firm.     

Offshoring and Firm Performance: Evidence from the Italian Manufacturing Industry

The fundamental question of whether offshoring is value enhancing and, more specifically, whether Italian manufacturing firms that undertake offshoring benefit from higher productivity and profitability is explored. Using data from the tenth wave of the “Survey on Manufacturing Firms” conducted by Unicredit‐Capitalia, it was found that, compared with domestic firms, firms relocating activities to a foreign country have different characteristics, and “better” firms might self‐select into offshoring decision. To disentangle the effect of offshoring on firms' performances from the effect of firm characteristics, several variants of propensity score matching are used. A mild and insignificant positive effect of offshoring on profitability was found and also evidence of a statistically significant positive effect of offshoring on productivity.     

Labor market structure and offshoring

We consider a two‐country, two‐sector model in which a firm’s offshoring decision depends on labor market rigidities that impose additional costs on the firm. Firms endogenously choose their organizational form considering their productivity level and organizational costs. The costs generated by labor market frictions play a key role in determining the benefits of each organizational structure, and thus helps determine the conditions under which a firm decides to offshore. There are three different types of equilibria depending on the relative levels of the domestic and foreign labor market costs and the price of the intermediate input. In all equilibria, a relative rise in the domestic labor market cost increases the share of firms that offshore, while decreasing domestic integration. Furthermore, an economy with offshoring has a higher welfare level and a lower unemployment rate than it would under autarky.     

事先财务和股权因素对我国制造业上市公司多元化决策的影响

我国制造业上市公司是否选择多元化受到事先财务和股权特征的影响。事先营运能力越弱,自由现金流量越少的企业越可能选择多元化,其对企业选择多元化概率的边际影响在5%~6%之间;第一大股东持股比例越高的企业越不可能选择多元化,其边际影响约在4%~7%之间。     

Capacity constrained firms in (labor) markets with adverse selection

Summary. We discuss a competitive (labor) market where firms face capacity constraints and individuals differ according to their productivity. Firms offer two-dimensional contracts like wage and task level. Then workers choose firms and contracts. Workers might be rationed if the number of applicants exceeds the capacity of the firm. We show that under reasonable assumptions on the distribution of capacity an equilibrium in pure strategies (by the firms) exists. This result stands in contrast to the case of unlimited capacity. The utility level is uniquely determined in equilibrium. No rationing occurs in equilibrium, but it does off the equilibrium path. Received: December 29, 1999; revised version: November 30, 2000     

Lobbying for Education in a Two‐Sector Model

Firms specialized in two different sectors lobby to induce the government to subsidize the type of education complementary to their production. Lobbying is endogenous. We show that, if lobbying is not costly, both sectors will lobby in equilibrium and the education policy will induce the same skill composition that would be chosen by the social planner. However, if lobbying is costly and there is sufficient asymmetry between the sectors, only one sector will exert pressure on the policy‐maker in the attempt to direct resources toward the type of education required by its production. Which sector will engage in lobbying depends on relative size, productivity, and price. We also provide some preliminary evidence that lobbying activity by firms may influence the production of skills needed by those firms.     

GLOBALIZATION AND MULTIPRODUCT FIRMS

We present an international trade model with multiproduct firms. Firms are heterogeneously endowed with two types of capabilities that jointly determine the trade‐off within firms between managing a large portfolio of products and producing at low marginal cost. The model can explain many of the documented cross‐sectional correlations in firm performance measures, including why larger firms are more productive and more diversified, and yet more diversified firms trade at a discount. Globalization is shown to induce heterogeneous responses across firms in terms of scope and productivity, some of which are consistent with existing empirical work, whereas others are potentially testable.