增强CT检查中造影剂的护理要点

目的：探讨造影剂在增强CT检查中的护理方法和要点。方法选取我院2013年5月到10月收治的经多层螺旋CT增强检查的患者312例,将其分为两组,对照组患者进行常规的CT检查前护理,观察组在对照组基础上于CT增强检查前后进行护理干预,比较两组患者的造影剂泄露发生率和患者的护理满意度。结果 CT 增强检查过程中,对照组患者出现造影剂泄漏7例,泄漏率为4.5%;观察组患者出现造影剂泄漏1例,泄漏率为0.6%,两组患者造影剂泄漏率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。发生泄露的患者均有短暂性的全身发热、头晕恶心、局部瘙痒、肿胀和头痛等不良反应症状,经停药或其他处理后迅速缓解。对照组与观察组患者的护理满意度分别为89.7%、94.2%。结论在对患者实施增强CT检查过程中,有效的护理干预能降低造影剂泄露的发生率,及早发现和处理有助于减少不良事件的发生,提高患者的临床护理满意度。     

护理安全管理在CT室的作用

目的探讨护理安全管理在CT室的作用,以提高护理人员的质量意识、安全意识和责任意识,提高综合素质及服务能力,防范护理不良事件的发生,保障CT室的护理安全。方法随机选取2012—2013年来CT室增强检查的患者200例,分析至今存在和潜在的不安全因素,制订相应的护理管理对策并付诸实践。结果近年来行CT检查患者,无一起护理纠纷和差错的发生,满意度达到98%。结论 CT室必须加强护理安全管理,采取有效的防范措施并付诸实践,持续改进,才能保障护理安全,提高护理质量。     

26例神经重症监护室意识障碍患者护理体会

目的研究分析神经重症监护室内意识障碍的患者护理干预体会。方法选取我院在2012年6月~2013年6月期间接受治疗的神经重症监护室内意识障碍的26例患者,对其采取常规护理的基础上予以针对性的护理干预。结果26例患者经护理干预后,显效13例,有效8例,无效5例,护理有效率80.77%。结论针对性的护理干预可以增强患者对刺激的反射性反应,提高患者的知晓能力,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

呼吸系统重症患者的针对性护理干预

目的探讨呼吸系统重症患者采用针对性护理干预的效果。方法选取2011年1月至2013年1月在我院接受治疗的呼吸系统重症患者34例,将患者随机均分为两组,对照组患者采用常规护理,观察组患者采用针对性护理干预,比较两组患者的护理效果。结果观察组患者总有效率为94.1%,对照组患者总有效率为58.8%,观察组疗效明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论针对性护理干预能够有效缓解患者在治疗期间的不良症状,同时,患者在治疗时不会出现较严重并发症,且痊愈率较高。     

重症医学科患者呼吸道耐药菌感染的护理集束干预

目的对重症医学科患者呼吸道耐药菌感染的护理集束干预进行分析。方法选用本院2013年1月至6月重症医学科接收的患者139例为观察组,对其实施呼吸道护理集束干预,以预防呼吸道耐药菌感染,同时选择2012年1月至6月重症医学科接收的常规护理患者118例为对照组,分析两组患者的感染和转归情况等。结果观察组呼吸道耐药菌感染情况、转归情况、感染前后住院时间、呼吸机使用时间以及日均药费等方面明显优于对照组,两组对比具有明显差异性(P<0.05)。结论对重症医学科患者实施护理集束干预能有效控制呼吸道耐药菌感染,住院日,减少抢救成功率,值得进一步推广应用。     

重症监护病房危重患者经皮气管切开术的护理干预

目的：探讨重症监护病房（ICU）危重患者经皮气管切开术的护理效果。方法我院自2013年1月起加强对ICU危重患者经皮气管切开术的系统护理干预。以加强系统护理干预前1年内 ICU患者为对照组,加强系统护理干预后1年内 ICU 患者为试验组。对比两组患者肺部感染发生率和患者满意度。结果试验组患者肺部感染发生率明显低于对照组,试验组患者满意度明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论加强对ICU危重患者经皮气管切开术后的系统护理干预,可降低肺部感染发生率,提高患者的满意程度。     

神经内科重症监护病房患者护理风险分析及对策

目的探讨神经内科重症监护病房患者可能发生的护理风险,并制订降低护理风险发生率的措施。方法选取2010年4月至2013年7月我院神经内科重症监护病房住院的355例患者作为研究对象,记录上述患者住院过程中发生的护理风险,并通过查阅文献、总结经验等方法制订降低护理风险发生率的措施。结果 355例患者中,301例康复出院,54例住院期间死亡,康复出院率为84.8%。301例康复出院患者住院时有17例(5.6%)出现窒息,21例(7.0%)出现尿路感染,75例(24.9%)出现肺部感染。降低护理风险发生率的措施包括健全各项规章制度与护理风险管理制度、增强护理人员自我保护意识及责任心、严格执行消毒隔离制度、保证管理病房安全与环境。结论神经内科重症监护病房患者可能发生多种护理风险,可通过改进护理措施,降低护理风险发生率。     

重症创伤患者ICU护理要点

目的对重症创伤患者的ICU护理的要点进行研究分析。方法在2008年1月～2012年1月我院共收治重症创伤患者60例,对其临床的资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组的60例患者在ICU的护理治疗中应用了呼吸道护理、全身应激性的治疗、消炎、止血、心理护理等方法。全部患者经过护理均能有效的稳定病情。结论临床中运用有效的ICU护理方法,可以提高重症创伤患者的恢复,降低死亡率,在重症创伤患者的临床治疗中起着重要的作用。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发症的防治护理

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发症的防治护理。方法选取2010-2011年本院收治的60例重症急性胰腺炎患者,将其随机分为两组。对照组给予常规护理,干预组给予护理干预。出院前统计并发症的发生率。结果干预组并发症的发生率明显低于对照组。结论科学的护理干预可以有效降低并发症的发生,提高治疗效果,使患者尽快康复。     

护理干预对重症急性胰腺炎患者知识及行为的影响

目的探讨护理干预对重症急性胰腺炎患者知识行为的影响。方法对78例重症急性胰腺炎患者在住院期间和出院后随访时都给与护理干预,对干预前后患者的知识、遵医行为等进行调查。结果干预后患者对重症急性胰腺炎相关知识知晓及治疗依从性显著提高。结论对重症急性胰腺炎患者在进行疾病控制治疗中,采取一系列的护理干预措施,可提高患者知识知晓及治疗依从性。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

Types of technology

Technology is a concept rife with confusion. Here, I argue that technologies can be distinguished as a combination of type of producer and an idealized artefact life history. Using this definition, a number of technologies are identified. The first technology historically, in the Protostomes, was the production of individual or family dwellings. Next came objects such as spider webs for trapping prey. Stigmergy followed, with the social insects, as a collective endeavour to construct a mega-structure using simple rules of accretion. Some birds and primates began to make tools, or simple technological objects whose function is closely related to their form. Humans are distinguished by their ability to make machines. Traditional technology took place once people voluntarily organised into groups with specialised knowledge to produce more complex objects and structures. Monumental objects like ceremonial pyramids came with the command economies of the early agrarian societies, which also resulted in a new category of artefact, the network. Finally, with modern civilizations came ad hoc accretion, or population-level adding-on, to make truly complex technological systems. Developing a theoretical framework within which artefacts, production processes and ways of interacting with them are identified should help the study of technology to become more scientific.