缩宫素联合卡前列素氨丁三醇预防剖宫产术后出血临床疗效

目的探讨缩宫素联合卡前列素氨丁三醇预防剖宫产术后出血的临床疗效。方法选取我院收治的100例剖宫产术后出血产妇随机分成两组,观察组给予缩宫素联合卡前列素氨丁三醇预防产后出血,对照组给予缩宫素预防产后出血。比较两组患者术后2h、24h出血量、产后出血发生率及药物不良反应发生率。结果观察组产妇术后2h、24h出血量、产后出血发生率明显小于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组产妇术后药物不良反应与对照组相比较,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论卡前列素氨丁三醇能有效预防和减少剖宫产术后出血,且不良反应轻,安全性较好,对于减少产后出血的发生率、降低孕产妇病死率具有重要意义。     

糖尿病足患者下肢血管介入治疗效果评价

目的评价糖尿病足患者下肢血管介入治疗的效果。方法选取2010年9月至2013年9月来我院就诊的2型糖尿病并发糖尿病足且有截肢手术指征的患者48例,随机分为两组,观察组给予下肢血管介入治疗+药物治疗+局部换药;对照组给予药物治疗+局部换药。术后7、30、60、90d观察对比两组患者的足部溃疡愈合情况,比较两组患者的住院时间、溃疡愈合时间及截肢率。结果两组患者溃疡愈合时间、住院时间以及截肢率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者术后30、60、90d足部溃疡愈合情况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病足患者行下肢血管介入治疗,可以明显降低患者的病残率,且效果满意。     

复合式小梁切除术治疗青光眼临床研究

目的探讨复合式小梁切除术治疗青光眼患者的临床效果及安全性。方法选取我院眼科2010年1月至2013年6月收治的青光眼患者156例160眼,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(76例80眼)和观察组(80例80眼);对照组患者采用传统小梁切除术治疗;观察组患者采用复合式小梁切除术治疗;比较两组患者随访1年的手术成功率、治疗前后眼压变化情况、浅前房发生率、功能性滤过泡形成率以及并发症发生率等。结果观察组患者随访1年手术成功率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者术后6个月及1年眼压均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者术后浅前房发生率、功能性滤泡形成率及并发症发生率均明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论复合式小梁切除术治疗青光眼可有效控制眼压,降低术后浅前房及并发症发生率,远期疗效优于传统小梁切除术。     

两种不同手术方式治疗眼外伤继发青光眼的临床疗效

目的探讨两种不同手术方式治疗眼外伤继发青光眼的临床疗效。方法选取我院202例眼外伤继发青光眼患者,随机将患者分为A组和B组,分别采用小梁切除术和周围虹膜切除术进行治疗,术后对两组患者进行为期3个月的随访,记录每月眼压和视力的变化。结果两组患者术后眼压和视力恢复情况均较好,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论眼外伤继发青光眼病因复杂,明确致病机制,针对性采取治疗是取得疗效的重要环节,对继发青光眼病因和治疗方式的进一步研究对于改善患者眼压和视力具有重要的意义。     

52例急性闭角型青光眼患者的临床治疗

目的探讨急性闭角型青光眼的临床治疗方法及效果。方法对我院近年收治的52例急性闭角型青光眼患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 52例患者均给予积极有效的药物及手术治疗,高眼压得以控制,视力均不同程度的恢复,疗效满意。结论急性闭角型青光眼的临床治疗首先应积极控制眼压,为手术创造条件,采用药物和手术治疗相结合的综合治疗措施,效果显著,对提高临床治疗效率具有重要意义。     

药物防治高危孕妇产后出血的临床疗效

目的探讨相关药物治疗高危孕妇产后出血的临床疗效。方法选取高危剖宫产及有产后出血因素的孕妇60例,随机分为3组。A组孕妇分娩后在正常缩宫素的基础上采用舌下含服米索前列醇片进行治疗;B组孕妇分娩后在正常缩宫素的基础上注射卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液250μg,C组孕妇分娩后在正常缩宫素的基础上加用缩宫素。比较3组患者的治疗效果。结果 A组与B组孕妇的产后出血率均小于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论米索前列醇片与卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液用于孕妇产后出血疗效较佳,安全有效。     

可调缝线与丝裂霉素C在青光眼滤过手术中的临床探讨

目的探讨青光眼滤过手术中应用可调缝线与丝裂霉素C的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院36例(52眼)青光眼滤过手术中应用可调缝线与丝裂霉素C的病例,观察术后疗效。结果 36例病例术前术后视力不变、视野基本不变,术后眼压控制良好,功能性滤过泡形成良好,前房形成良好,无严重并发症。结论在青光眼滤过手术中应用可调缝线与丝裂霉素C能提高手术的成功率,减少术后并发症。     

比较不给同药方案在药物流产中的临床效果

目的比较3种不同给药方案在早孕药物流产中的临床效果。方法收集早孕患者375例的临床资料,将患者随机分为3组,A组患者单纯服用米非司酮+米索前列醇,B组患者服用米非司酮+米索前列醇+甲氨蝶呤,C组患者服用米非司酮+米索前列醇+达那唑。比较3组患者的临床效果。结果 A组患者完全流产109例(87.2%),不完全流产11例(8.8%),流产失败5例(4.0%);B组患者完全流产123例(98.4%),不完全流产2例(1.6%),流产失败0例(0.0%);C组患者完全流产121例(96.8%),不完全流产3例(2.4%),流产失败2例(1.6%);B、C组患者完全流产率与A组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);B组患者的子宫出血量明显减少,阴道出血时间、孕囊排出时间明显短于C组患者,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论甲氨蝶呤、达那唑辅助米非司酮配伍米索前列醇能明显提高药物流产的成功率,而甲氨蝶呤能较好地改善子宫出血症状,减不良反应的发生。     

血府逐瘀胶囊治疗糖尿病合并心绞痛50例疗效观察

目的观察血府逐瘀胶囊治疗糖尿病合并心绞痛的疗效。方法将50例糖尿病合并心绞痛患者随机分成对照组和治疗组。在给予常规降糖药物治疗的同时,对照组根据病情给予阿司匹林、β-阻滞剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂及硝酸酯类药物等常规治疗;治疗组在对照组基础上配合给药血府逐瘀胶囊。分别于给药前、给药后第1疗程和第2疗程末记录两组心绞痛发作次数、发作间期、持续时间,并评价心电图疗效,同时在给药前和两个疗程治疗结束后,测定血糖、血脂、肝肾功能。结果治疗组心绞痛发作次数、发作间期、持续时间及心电图改善程度均优于对照组,血糖血脂水平均显著降低,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血府逐瘀胶囊可有效减轻糖尿病合并心绞痛患者的症状,降低血糖水平,减缓心绞痛的发作,缩短其持续时间,改善心电图表现,且安全有效,值得推广应用。     

不同剂量布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼在剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛中的应用价值

目的探讨不同剂量布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼在剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛中的应用价值。方法选取2015年2月至2017年4月于广东省英德市人民医院麻醉科接受剖宫产的足月孕妇120例为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为4组,A组30例给予舒芬太尼1.0μg/ml;B组30例给予布托啡诺5.0 mg+舒芬太尼1.0μg/ml;C组30例给予布托啡诺6.0 mg+舒芬太尼1.0μg/ml;D组30例给予布托啡诺7.0 mg+舒芬太尼1.0μg/ml。比较4组产妇术后各时点切口疼痛程度、宫缩疼痛程度、满意度、Ramsay镇静评分及用药安全性。结果 4组术后各时点切口疼痛程度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后各时点宫缩疼痛程度B组、C组、D组     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.