灭菌过程的细节管理

目的探讨消毒供应中心灭菌工程中的细节管理,确保无菌物品质量,保障医疗安全。方法 2011年开始对消毒供应中心灭菌过程进行科学化、规范化、标准化的细致管理,保证了复用物品的灭菌质量。结果灭菌物品监测合格率100%,取得较好的效果。结论通过加强人员培训,依法执业,持证上岗,严格操作规程,规范工作流程,注重细节质量控制,完善灭菌效果监测及质量追溯制度,能有效控制灭菌过程,保障医院无菌物品供应,有效预防医院相关感染事件的发生。     

医院消毒供应中心的质量管理措施

在现代的医院运转体系结构当中,消毒供应中心是一个非常重要与关键的组成部分,对一线的医疗质量起着非常大的影响作用。医院消毒供应中心的主要工作任务是进行医疗器械用具灭菌、消毒与管理,为一线医护工作的开展提供无菌器材,是控制医院感染、保障医疗质量的重要途径,所以搞好医院消毒供应中心的质量管理就显得格外重要。本文基于笔者自身的实际工作经验,主要就搞好医院消毒供应中心质量管理的措施提出了部分探讨性建议,以期对医院医     

五常法在消毒供应中心的应用

目的探讨五常法在消毒供应中心护理管理的应用。方法运用"常组织、常整顿、常清洁、常规范和常自律"五常方法,制定消毒供应中心相关管理标准,定期进行评价。结果提高了员工的专业素质,提升了消毒供应中心的整体形象。结论把五常法应用于消毒供应中心护理管理中,对提高工作效率和工作质量起到积极的作用,具有推广应用价值。     

医院消毒供应中心的规范化管理策略

消毒供应中心是医院的重要组成部分,应对医院消毒中心进行规范化管理,以免出现工作差错,对医院整体医疗质量造成不良影响。本文即对医院消毒供应中心的规范化管理策略做一探讨,以期为广大同仁提供借鉴、参考。     

医院消毒供应中心与临床科室沟通的存在问题及对策

消毒供应中心属于医院感染科的管理系统,主要工作是为医院整体提供足够、完整的无菌物品,将医疗用品回收、清洁灭菌后进行储存和发放,与临床科室联系十分密切,关系着患者的健康和生命安全。但由于具体工作中消毒供应中心与临床科室沟通不畅,导致一些问题的出现而影响临床工作。本文在探讨两者沟通中存在问题的基础上,制订积极有效的应对措施,以促进两者间有效沟通和协作,保障临床工作的安全。     

消毒供应中心的职业危害与防护对策

消毒供应中心是医院污染物的回收点和集中地,工作人员在操作过程中不可避免的会接触一些危险因素,包括化学消毒剂、患者的血液和体液、使用后的手术器械、高温、蒸汽等,极易导致工作人员的健康受到损害。因此,医院应重视消毒供应中心存在的危险因素,同时针对具体情况采取积极的防护措施,将职业危害程度降至最低,以保障消毒供应中心工作人员的健康。     

促进消毒供应中心持续质量改进的研究进展

消毒供应中心是对医院感染进行控制的主要部分,也承担着整个医院全部重复使用的医疗物品、器具、器械的回收清洗和发放工作。本文结合笔者多年的工作经验,就促进消毒供应中心持续质量改进的研究进展进行了较为深入的探讨,具有一定的参考价值。     

医院消毒供应室中心实施成本核算探究

消毒供应中心作为医疗的辅助科室虽然不直接参与医院医疗服务活动,但他的工作与医院的医疗服务活动密切相关,其工作量随临床工作量的变化而变化,与临床工作量的变化成正比例变化关系。所以,将消毒供应中心与临床科室及医技科室实行成本核算是非常重要的,也体现出了消毒供应中心人员的劳动价值。现就将我院消毒供应中心成本核算方法做研究性的探讨。     

解析医院消毒供应室的建筑及流程设计

随着医疗技术的飞速发展，医院消毒供应室的重要性日益突出，合理的建筑布局和流程设计不仅能够保证灭菌物品质量，也能够有效的预防感染。本文主要对消毒供应室的建筑和流程设计进行分析，对保障患者的安全，杜绝医院内部的感染有重要意义。     

浅析影响物资供应效益的几个客观因素

纵观全球物流与供应链管理的发展历程，物资供应管理始终离不开两大主题，即保障供应和创造效益。由于保障供应是显性指标，往往更容易引起人们的重视，但只要不出现供应中断和质量问题，供应的保障职能似乎就已经完成。反之，供应一旦出现问题，企业的短期和长远利益必然受到损失，供应人员也将成为众矢之的，供应问题也将成为企业内部掩盖其他错误和缺点的工具。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.     

新员工主动社会化行为与组织承诺关系研究——以社会资本为中介变量

为了探索新员工主动社会化行为影响组织承诺的过程,本文对来自企业的401个有效样本进行了实证分析。本研究运用层级回归的方法,控制了人口统计变量的影响后,发现员工的搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为对组织承诺有直接的正面影响,同时,通过员工社会资本对员工组织承诺产生了间接的正面影响。社会资本在员工搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为影响组织承诺的机制中起部分中介作用。员工的关系构建行为对组织承诺没有显著影响,但对员工社会资本存在显著的正面影响。     

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth*

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth are identified. Included is a discussion of his contributions on: the determinants of differences in speed of adoption of innovations; the use of patents to measure technology; the private and social returns to R&D; and spillover effects from R&D. Griliches's own evaluation of his research contribution is compared to the evaluation of others in the field, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the online Web of Science. Griliches's most important contribution is his 1957 Econometrica hybrid corn paper that is a foundation of the economics of technological innovation. Remarkably, the trend in annual citations to the paper has continued to increase for over 40 years. Finally, we summarize Griliches's most recent views on the practice of economics and on the most important unanswered questions in the economics of technology and growth.     

Evidence on the impact of R&D and ICT investments on innovation and productivity in Italian firms

Both research and development (R&D) and information and communication technology (ICT) investment have been identified as sources of relative innovation underperformance in Europe vis-à-vis the USA. In this article, we investigate the R&D and ICT investment at the firm level in an effort to assess their relative importance and to what extent they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel data sample of Italian manufacturing firms constructed from four consecutive waves of a survey of manufacturing firms, to estimate a version of the CDM model of R&D, innovation, and productivity [Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse 1998. Research, innovation and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7, no. 2: 115–58] that has been modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs into innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation, and ICT investment being more important for productivity. For the median firm, rates of return to both investments are so high that they suggest considerably underinvestment in both these activities. We explore the possible complementarity between R&D and ICT in innovation and production, but find none, although we do find complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation.