中美服务业产业内贸易的发展与分析

文章基于2001—2008年的数据对中美双边服务贸易的发展状况以及服务业产业内贸易水平进行了测算和分析,基本结论如下:中美服务业的发展有较大差距,但双边产业内贸易发展迅速;中美服务业的产业内贸易水平整体较高,并且在考察期内呈现上升趋势;中美服务业产业内贸易水平的高低与中国相关服务行业的竞争力水平有很大相关性,这也表明中国的服务业目前还是主要以李嘉图以及赫克歇尔-俄林理论意义上的比较优势来参与国际贸易和国际分工。     

产业内贸易、调整成本与中美贸易摩擦

本文通过对中美产业内贸易以及贸易摩擦产业分布状况的分析发现,在产业内贸易水平较高的产业中,中美贸易运行得较为顺畅,贸易摩擦大多发生在产业内贸易水平较低的产业中。导致这一结果的原因是在产业内贸易指数较低的产业中,由于其进行结构调整所产生的调整成本较大,减少了相关利益集团的利益所得,从而引发中美之间的贸易摩擦。提高产业内贸易水平,强化同一产业内产品结构的互补性,在一定程度上可以缓解中美贸易摩擦。     

中美农产品产业内贸易研究

本文主要从产业内分工的角度出发,通过产业内贸易指数、Bruelhart边际产业内贸易指数、贸易竞争力指数和AE法,对中美农产品产业内贸易发展现状、中国农产品对美竞争力状况和中美产业内贸易结构等进行实证分析,并根据相应的结论得出不断提高两国农产品产业内贸易水平、改善农产品贸易结构的启示。     

中美产业内贸易结构分析

产业内贸易越来越成为国际贸易利益的主要来源.通过对1981-2006年中美产业内贸易总体水平、按技术含量高低分类的产品产业内贸易水平、水平型产业内贸易和垂直型产业内贸易等进行量化分析,结果表明,中美产业内贸易呈增长之势,但总体水平不高;垂直型产业内贸易在产业内贸易中所占比重总体呈下降之势,表明中美两国在技术水平和国际分工地位上的差距正在缩小.     

中美产业内贸易发展的实证分析

在产业内贸易迅速增长,逐渐取代产业间贸易成为国际贸易主要方式的今天,中美产业内贸易的发展却不尽如人意。一方面,中美产业内贸易指数正呈现下降趋势,产业内贸易水平低下;另一方面,垂直型产业内贸易方式占据主导地位,阻碍中美产业内贸易向高层次发展。因此,有必要从政府、企业等各个层面尽快来提升中美产业内贸易水平。     

服务业产业内贸易与中国服务贸易的国际竞争力初探

产业内贸易在某种程度上是发展中国家技术水平和经济增长的标志，其发展水平也是衡量一国外贸竞争力的标志。我国服务业产业内贸易水平低下，国际竞争力不强。切实采取措施，提高产业内贸易发展水平是提升服务业产业内贸易国际竞争力水平的重要手段。     

中国与巴西农产品产业内贸易实证研究

中国与巴西农产品贸易发展迅速,中国出现大量的农产品贸易逆差。本文利用格鲁贝尔—洛伊德指数、布吕哈特边际产业内贸易指数以及汤姆和麦克杜威尔水平和垂直产业内贸易指数对两国的农产品产业内贸易水平进行分析,得出两国间的农产品产业内贸易水平较低,主要的贸易形式为产业间贸易。最后本文给出了相关的建议,以期企业能得到最大的贸易利益。     

中美木质林产品产业内贸易的实证研究——基于1992—2009年的进出口贸易数据

采用UNcomtrade数据库的中美木质林产品贸易数据,利用G-L指数、G-L修正指数、Aquino指数、Brülhart边际产业内贸易指数及Thom&McDowell水平型和垂直型产业内贸易指数,对1992—2009年中美木质林产品产业内贸易的水平和结构进行实证分析。结果表明:中美木质林产品产业内贸易水平总体较低,贸易方式仍以产业间贸易为主;中美木质林产品贸易的增长由产业间贸易和产业内贸易共同引发;产业内贸易方式以垂直型产业内贸易为主。     

中美木质林产品产业内贸易及影响因素的实证分析

本文利用产业内贸易指数对1992-2011年中美两国木质林产品的产业内贸易水平进行了测算;结果表明:中美木质林产品贸易以产业间贸易为主,两国木质林产品的贸易增长是由产业内贸易和产业间贸易共同作用的结果,产业内贸易的发展以垂直型产业内贸易为主.文章最后运用时间序列对中美木质林产品产业内贸易水平与各影响因素进行了Johansen协整检验和Granger因果检验,并根据实证研究结论提出了相应的政策建议.     

中美机械及运输设备产品产业内贸易影响因素分析

中美两国已成为彼此重要的贸易伙伴国,机械及运输设备产品贸易在中美进出口贸易中都占据重要地位。本文运用产业内贸易指数分析和测度了1992年到2011年间中美机械及运输设备产品的产业内贸易水平,然后构楚模型对其影响因素进行实证研究,并提出建议。     

中美农产品加工业产业内贸易影响因素研究

分析了中美农产品加工业贸易状况,并对两国农产品加工业产业内贸易的影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明,近年来中美农产品加工业贸易快速发展;而中美贸易不平衡对两国农产品加工业产业内贸易起到了显著的抑制作用,同时中美两国人均GDP差异、行业开放程度则较强地促进了两国农产品加工业产业内贸易的发展。基于此,中国应侧重提升中美农产品加工业产业内贸易水平,实施产业间贸易和产业内贸易双轮驱动战略。     

中美贸易顺差与我国加工贸易产业转型升级

笔者运用协整分析的方法,对中美贸易顺差及其影响因素之间的长期关系进行了分析.实证结果表明,中美贸易顺差主要来自于美国及东亚诸国对华产业转移所导致的产业内贸易,其实质是我国国内加工贸易产业结构不合理.由此引发了对加工贸易产业结构优化的思考.     

Trade Liberalisation, Closer Economic Relations and Intra-Industry Specialisation

Abstract
Much of the growth in trade among the industrialised countries, and more recently among countries in the Asia-Pacific region, has taken the form of intra-industry trade (HT). Australia has historically had one of the lowest shares of IIT among OECD countries. This article examines how Australia's IIT has changed in the 1980s in response to the process of trade liberalisation and completion of the Closer Economic Relations (CER) pact with New Zealand. HT indexes are estimated for Australia's multilateral and trans-Tasman trade for 1981 and 1991 for 132 industries using data at the 3 and 4-digit level of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). The results point to a sharp increase in the share of IIT for both multilateral and trans-Tasman trade. Industries that have undergone the largest reductions in protection levels have increased their shares of IIT quite considerably. Increased intra-industry specialisation suggests that the short-run adjustment costs associated with trade liberalisation are likely to be lower. If IIT continues to grow in response to the ongoing process of internationalisation of the Australian economy, then Australia's prospects for expanding its share of world trade are good.     

Environmental regulation and intra-industry trade

The paper analyses complex interactions between intra-industry trade (IIT) and environment by extending Krugman's model of monopolistic competition and trade. It is found that an increase in exogenous environmental tax by a country leads to a fall in its output (the scale effect) and aggregate pollution, and an increase in its number of varieties (the selection effect). With IIT, if Home is a net exporter, an increase in its environmental stringency leads to a negative scale effect, which reduces its export demand and raises its import demand. In contrast, a positive selection effect reduces its import demand. However, the first-order scale effect on exports dominates the second-order effect on imports, implying a rise in Home's share of IIT with Foreign. The opposite holds true when Home is a net importer. Furthermore, the impact of a rise in environmental tax on aggregate welfare comprises the following counteracting effects: a negative scale effect, a positive selection effect, a lower level of aggregate pollution and a higher environmental tax revenue in autarky, and two additional effects, namely, changes in the level of exports and imports, under free trade. The overall change in aggregate welfare, in both autarky and free trade, is in general ambiguous.     

Intra-tourism trade,income distribution and tourism endowment: an econometric investigation

Empirical investigation (Nowak et al., 2012) points out that vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) in Europe is the dominant type of intra-industry trade (IIT) in the tourism sector. This article is the first in tourism literature to test separately the determinants of vertically and horizontally differentiated services, using the most recent models in the theory of IIT. We examine bilateral trade among all trading partners of the sample of European countries, covering the period from 2000 to 2008. We show that differences in gross domestic product per capita and the income-distribution overlap, as well as cultural proximity, are the most significant driving forces behind VIIT for European countries. Geographic distance has a negative effect, whereas specific tourism endowments and relative size of the economies are less conclusive. These results confirm theory predictions and most of the empirical findings related to the pattern of VIIT for the manufacturing sector. As expected, we find that determinants of VIIT cannot explain horizontal intra-industry trade in tourism. We suggest two alternative methods of estimation: generalized least squares logistic function and the fractional logit estimator. We conclude that there are common factors explaining IIT in the manufacturing and tourism trades.     

Foreign Trade Patterns Between Estonia and the EU

In this paper, we focus on the development of the foreign trade flows between Estonia and the EU. We observe rapid reorientation of the trade flows from the former Soviet Union towards Western markets because of economic reforms and foreign trade liberalization. Moreover, we determine the commodity groups with a comparative advantage in the EU market and analyze its dynamics. Further analysis of the intra-industry trade (ITT) shows that vertical IIT plays a dominant role in Estonian-EU IIT flows. Shares of total, vertical, and horizontal IIT have grown rapidly since 2004, the year of accession to the EU.     

Industry-specific determinants of vertical intra-industry trade: the case of EU new member states’ agri-food sector

The determinants of intra-industry agri-food trade are analysed to only a limited extent in the literature. This article investigates the industry-specific determinants of vertical intra-industry agri-food trade between new member states of the EU and the other EU countries for the period 1999–2010 by applying a dynamic panel data model. Results suggest that IIT is mainly low vertical in nature, suggesting regional export of low-quality products to EU markets. Results also show that vertical product differentiation and FDI are positively related to VIIT, suggesting that quality growth and investments foster vertical intra-industry trade. As to productivity and factor endowments a negative relationship with VIIT was found, implying the labour abundant and similar nature of NMS agricultural sectors.     

产业内贸易的结构变动与决定因素——基于中国电子及通讯设备制造业的实证分析

对1996—2005年中国电子及通讯设备制造业产业内贸易的结构、变动及决定因素进行的实证分析显示：中国电子及通讯设备制造业贸易以产业内贸易为主,产业内贸易又以垂直产业内贸易为主,水平产业内贸易贡献不大;加入WTO前后两个阶段产业内贸易及其结构变动呈相反的趋势;要素禀赋结构及其变化是产业内贸易变动的主要因素,而外商直接投资、规模经济和产品差异三个因素的影响很微弱。这表明中国电子及通讯设备制造业扩张的基础是成本优势且主要集中于国际产业链的低端,加入WTO并没有真正改变中国电子及通讯设备制造业的国际分工地位。     

Trade barriers,multinational involvement and intra-industry trade: panel data evidence from India

The article analyses the effects of trade barriers and multinationals on the intensity of intra-industry trade (IIT) in a panel of Indian manufacturing industries from 1988 to 1999. We find that the intensity of IIT increases with the reduction of trade barriers. This is expected as greater competition from imports leads individual plants in the domestic industry to specialize in the manufacturing of unique varieties. The analysis suggests that horizontal (market seeking) multinational activities in the domestic industries exert a negative influence on IIT. This is consistent with the view that horizontal multinationals displace exports to the host country. At the same time, our results indicate that IIT will be stimulated to the extent that the entry of multinationals induces intra-industry specialization. We also analyse the role of product differentiation and plant level scale economies in determining IIT.