农民工低收入的经济学解析

当前我国农民工收入偏低,本文分别利用人力资本理论与劳动力市场歧视理论,深入分析后认为,农民工低收入的内在原因在于农民工自身人力资本贫乏而产生的能力弱势,外在原因在于劳动力市场对农民工就业的不平等对待而产生的制度弱势,并提出了提高农民工收入的对策建议.     

农民工劳动和社会保险权益保护

农民工被视为一个弱势群体，其弱势主要表现在非农业技能弱及综合素质弱。从整个群体来看，由于农民工受教育程度和享有教育质量不及城镇职工，主观上因其家庭经济条件差，客观上因国家对其投入不足，造成其与城镇职工相比有先天不足。     

我国农民工工资水平非公平性的实质与根源

我国农民工工资水平不以其劳动力供求为导向而长期偏低甚至被扭曲、及其与社会经济发展不一致所透露的非公平性,直接取决于农民工在其工资决定中的弱势地位,包括供求弱势、机会成本弱势、人力资本弱势和劳动力市场属性弱势。而农民工的弱势性又根源于具有显著城市偏向和歧视因素特征的城乡关系,正是后者通过对农业生产收益、公共产品供给等方面的制约决定了农民工的上述弱势。农民工工资水平问题实际上根源于重城轻农、抑农的城乡关系,而改变这种城乡关系、构建新型城乡关系则是实现农民工工资水平公平性的前提。     

低技能劳动力市场内部的自我歧视问题研究——基于农民工与城郊结合部激进式市民就业能力的比较

城市化进程中出现了农民工和城郊结合部激进式市民两种边缘群体。虽然农民工和部分城郊结合部激进式市民都属于低技能劳动力市场,但他们内部依然存在自我歧视的问题。提高其就业能力并最终实现“弱 弱=强,”对于促进农村劳动力转移,增加农民收入,统筹城乡发展都具有重大意义。     

劳动力市场分割对农民工就业影响的机理分析

文章简要回顾了劳动力市场分割的有关观点,在认同中国劳动力市场分割主要表现为城乡分割、行业分割和单位分割三种类型的前提下,对城乡分割、行业分割和单位分割影响农民工就业的机理进行了深入研究。作者认为户籍制度和地理分隔是城乡分割的根源、工资差别是行业分割和单位分割的充要条件,分别从农民工供给和用人单位对农民工需求两个侧面解释了市场分割对农民工就业的不利影响。     

和谐社会视角下的农民工权益保障问题探究

工会职能缺位使农民工用工市场处于失灵状态,农民工在与资方的讨价还价中处于弱势地位,而使自身权益受到侵害.政府干预的事后性以及在效率与公平之间进行抉择的机会主义行为使得其在纠正此市场失灵上表现为低效率;而传统工会组织无法真正代表处身于私有劳资关系中的农民工的利益,因而无法有效维护其合法权益.建立富有效率的农民工工会组织以制衡资方,是纠正此市场失灵和维护农民工权益的治本之策.     

基于博弈论的农民工工资拖欠问题研究

文章通过建立农民工与雇主的博弈模型,分析了农民工与雇主在各个前提条件下的博弈和得到的结果,认为市场信息欠缺、社会监督力量薄弱、对雇主惩罚力度小和农民工上诉成本高是农民工工资拖欠问题的主要原因,进而提出建立劳动力市场信息披露和传导机制;建立雇主支付农民工工资的监督和惩罚制度;建立农民工维权制度等政策建议。     

“三位一体”农民工健康服务体系及其保障机制研究

分割型城乡二元劳动力市场与弱健康人力资本的交互累积效应、健康服务支出的沉没成本效应、伦理价值观的惯性约束效应、农民工主体的弱健康服务诉求及信息传递障碍的制约,使我国农民工健康服务供给明显不足,难以形成一个完善的农民工健康服务体系。因此应当构建一个以政府为中心、企业广泛参与的农民工健康服务体系的"三位一体"模式,并设立以企业为核心的制度保障机制,发挥政府的主导性作用。     

夹缝中求生的女性农民工

近些年来,随着改革开放进程的逐步加快,大批农村劳动力向城市转移,农民工特别是女性农民工已成为中国工业化、城镇化、现代化进程中一支举足轻重的力量。然而由于历史和体制的原因,女性农民工有着女性与外来者的双重身份,处于双重弱势地位。这导致女性农民工在城市就业中面临更多风险和挑战。对此,正确认识和解决女性农民工问题,重视和关注女性农工的身心健康与合法权益显得尤其重要。     

农民工与中国次属劳动力市场

中国城市劳动力市场被人为地分割成首属劳动力市场和次属劳动力市场 ,由于户籍制度的限制和长期实行城乡分离的二元教育体制 ,农民工不可避免地成为次属劳动力市场的主体 ,而且这种现象将长期存在。目前要做的是 ,在改革户籍制度的同时改善农民工的生存环境 ,给农民子弟一个公平的受教育机会 ,提高其人力资本。     

Welfare rules,business cycles,and employment dynamics among lone parents in Norway

How lone parents combine work and welfare in earning a living has long inspired discussion. Yet little is known of their actual labor market attachment, either over calendar time or during individual lifetimes. In this article we address both issues, first by studying Norwegian Labor Force Surveys to illuminate the labor force participation of lone parents during the last two decades and by comparing the trends revealed with similar developments among married and cohabiting parents. Next, we analyze individual labor market transitions, using longitudinal data from administrative registers. The analyses demonstrate large differences in the labor market behaviors of single and nonsingle parents in Norway, even when controlling for differences in human capital and care responsibilities. Shifting labor demand and welfare reforms that prioritize paid work have both affected the employment of lone parents, but favorable economic conditions seem to have played a larger role than stringent social policies in increasing their employment activity.     

《劳动合同法》将开启劳动关系的新时代

本文重点分析了《劳动合同法》对经济和就业的影响,认为实施《劳动合同法》从长期来看有利于调整我国目前被扭曲的收入分配格局,有利于解决我国经济发展中出现的一些深层次矛盾和问题;同时,《劳动合同法》的实施不会严重损害劳动力市场的灵活性,不会增加正规企业的劳动成本,也不会严重加剧失业。但《劳动合同法》对经济社会的最终影响还要靠时间来检验。     

中国劳动力市场就业信息机制的完善

劳动力市场是要素市场的重要组成部分,其发展程度直接影响着经济的发展和社会的稳定。由于信息不对称,导致劳动力市场运行效率低下,社会运行成本加大,为此,需要从政府、劳动力市场、企业、求职者四个方面优化劳动力市场就业信息传播机制。     

Making Labor Flexible: The Recomposition of Tijuana's Maquiladora Female Labor Force

This article revisits the debate over the benefits of export-oriented manufacturing employment for women by taking up Linda Lim's (1990) critique that such research is often biased in its methods and conclusions. Using a sample of 198 women workers from the 1993 Labor Trajectories Survey, I conduct a multivariate statistical analysis to test whether the social and demographic characteristics of the female maquiladora labor force influence their position in the labor market. I find that maquiladoras in Tijuana, Mexico, employ married women, women with children, and women with low levels of education who constitute a low-wage sector of the labor force with few other employment alternatives. In the drive to keep production costs low, multinational manufacturers have tapped into this low-wage labor force, thereby taking advantage of women's labor market disadvantages and making a labor force willing to accept more "flexible" terms of employment.     

Work incentive and other effects of social assistance and unemployment benefit policy in the Czech Republic

In this paper we provide an account of most of the passive labor market policies (unemployment compensation, social assistance, state social support and the pension system) in the Czech Republic during the 1990–1996 period. The eligibility requirements and benefit levels are described in great detail. Using Labor Force Survey data, we compare the characteristics of unemployed people receiving unemployment benefits with those receiving social assistance and those not receiving any benefits and we find significant differences in their characteristics. Finally, we provide an analysis of the work disincentive effects of the unemployment and social assistance benefits by comparing these benefits to market wages and by analyzing the effect of being in the system on the duration of unemployment of two cohorts of unemployed in 1994 and 1995. We find that social assistance benefits are fairly generous for low income families with more children, individuals with these characteristics have a higher probability of receiving social assistance and they tend to stay unemployed longer than those people with relatively fewer dependants. We conclude that the social assistance scheme seems to be having some disincentive effects for at least one group in the population.     

人力资本、政府管制与中国大城市二元劳动力市场职业配置——以上海市卢湾区为例

中国大城市劳动力市场已经演变成具有"二元"特征的劳动力市场,其中本地劳动力和外来劳动力的职业构成差异不能仅仅用劳动者自身的人力资本来解释,它还与城市政府的选择性管制有关。虽然中央政府已经逐渐取消针对外来劳动力的歧视性限制,但地方政府借助户籍制度实行的隐性、间接管制在城市劳动力市场职业配置中仍然起着重要作用,是外来劳动力在职业选择中处于不利地位的重要原因。     

中国农村劳动力迁移影响因素研究——基于Probit模型的实证分析

农村劳动力迁移对于缩小城乡收入差距、促进中国经济增长具有非常重要的作用。本文通过中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据库的成人调查问卷2004和2006年的数据,采用probit模型定量分析了中国农村劳动力迁移的影响因素。本文的研究发现:婚姻状况、健康、娱乐偏好等变量对农村劳动力的迁移决策有比较显著的影响,而当前收入的影响并不明显。此外,家庭负担并不是迁移决策的影响因素,并且已婚女性劳动力倾向于和丈夫共同迁移,以上两个因素共同导致了农村的空巢老人问题。最后,促进农村劳动力迁移的最有效方法是提高农村劳动力的受教育水平,其中大学及大专学校教育最有效,其次是职业和技术学校教育。     

Labor Mobility, Trade, and Social Capital

Labor market integration raises welfare in the absence of distortions. This paper examines labor and goods market integration in a general‐equilibrium model with social capital. The findings are: (i) labor market integration has an ambiguous impact on welfare, and raises it if the goods and labor skills are sufficiently different; (ii) compared to Pareto optimum, labor mobility (social capital) is excessively large (depleted); (iii) trade is superior to labor market integration if trading costs are no higher than private migration costs, otherwise the outcome is ambiguous; and (iv) the creation of new institutions in response to labor market integration has an ambiguous impact on welfare.     

Immigration from the former Soviet Union to Israel: Who is coming when?

Average education of new immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel declined during the 1990s. We suggest that this is because the returns to investment in Israeli human capital increase in the amount of imported human capital. Thus, the more educated invest more, and therefore have an incentive to spend a longer share of their working life in Israel. This translates into early migration. Using data from the 1995 Israeli Census and the 1995-1998 samples of the Israeli Labor Force Survey, we test our hypothesis and find that being high skilled initiates early migration only for migrants participating in the labor market.     

Fertility Decisions and Gender Differences in Labor Turnover, Employment, and Wages

A striking observation of the U.S. and other labor markets is the weak position of women in terms of job attachment, employment, and earnings relative to men. We develop a model of fertility and labor market decisions to study the impact of fertility on gender differences in labor turnover, employment, and wages. In our framework, individuals search for jobs and accumulate general (experience) and specific (tenure) human capital when they work. They can also increase their wage by moving to a job of higher quality. Labor market decisions (e.g., job acceptance and job mobility) may differ across genders: females that give birth may decide to interrupt their labor market attachment in order to enjoy the value of staying at home with their children. The model economy is successfully calibrated to match aggregate statistics in terms of fertility, employment, and wages. We find that fertility decisions generate important gender differences in turnover rates, with long lasting effects in employment and wages. These differences in labor turnover account for almost all the U.S. gender wage gap that is attributed to labor market experience by Blau and Kahn (2000, Journal of Labor Economics15(1), 1–42). The model also implies a very small role of tenure capital in accounting for wage differences between males and females (gender gap), and between females with and without children (family gap). Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E24, J13, J21, J31.