肉鸡行业不同生产合同模式与绩效研究——基于江苏省的调查数据

研究显示，内部运行机制不同的生产合同在诸多方面存在差异，具体表现为：（1）模式A中肉鸡养殖户的个体特征和生产特征与模式B存在较大差异；（2）模式B中肉鸡养殖户的物质和人力专用性投资比模式A高，且养殖规模大、专业化程度高，农户和公司之间联结更为紧密；（3）模式A提供的生产合同养殖户的平均净利润和最高净利润均低于模式B，且模式B中农户对生产合同的满意度较高。     

中国生猪生产的区域效率差异及其适度规模选择

运用DEA方法,测算了我国散养、小规模、中规模和大规模四种生猪饲养模式的生产效率。结果表明：2002—2010年生猪生产效率的提高主要依靠要素投入规模的扩大,技术效率的贡献次之;不同省份间不同养殖规模下的生猪生产效率及最优规模存在差异。研究认为各地要因地制宜地选择适度的养殖规模。     

基于DEA模型的山东省生猪生产效率研究

利用《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》中的统计数据,运用DEA方法,比较分析了2000—2011年山东省散户养殖、小规模养殖、中规模养殖和大规模养殖的生猪生产技术效率、规模效率、规模收益和投入冗余。研究结果表明:按照生猪生产技术效率均值和规模效率均值从大到小对山东省4种养殖规模进行排序,依次为大规模养殖、散户养殖、中规模养殖和小规模养殖;散户养殖、小规模养殖和中规模养殖的生猪生产规模收益呈递减趋势,大规模养殖的生猪生产规模收益呈递增趋势;4种养殖规模的生猪生产在仔猪进价、饲料费和人工成本投入3项均存在不同程度的冗余。     

中国生猪养殖生产效率的实证分析——基于DEA-Malmquist指数法

运用DEA-Malmquist指数法,分别测算2005—2010年中国东北、东部、中部和西部地区不同规模生猪养殖的全要素生产率变化及其分解项。研究结果显示:近年来中国不同规模生猪养殖的全要素生产率均呈一定程度的小额负向增长,技术退步是其下降的根源;在国家生猪生产扶持政策的引导下,2008年中国生猪养殖的全要素生产率出现显著上升;不同地区生猪养殖的全要素生产率变化存在明显差异,即东部地区有所提高,西部地区呈下降趋势。最后提出,加快生猪生产的科技进步、加大政府的扶持力度是提高生猪养殖的生产效率的关键措施。     

中国棉花生产技术效率及其影响因素分析

深入分析我国棉花生产技术效率及其影响因素,对于稳定和提高棉花产量、保障国民经济健康发展有着重要意义.本文首先对我国12个主产省棉花生产的技术效率进行测算,并重点考察了其时序波动和地区差异特征;其次探讨了棉花生产技术效率的主要影响因素,通过构建计量模型,对可能的影响因素进行了回归分析.结果表明,2001-2009年,我国棉花生产技术效率的区域差异和时序波动特征明显,西北棉区技术效率最高且波动最小,其次是黄河流域棉区,长江流域棉区技术效率最低且波动最剧烈;适度规模经营、农民受教育程度、农业科技人员数量和非农产业发展对棉花生产的技术效率有正效应,非农人口比例和异常天气的负面影响较大.文章最后给出了相应的政策建议.     

中国工业生产绩效:1998-2007——基于细分行业的推广随机前沿生产函数的分析

文章利用推广的随机前沿生产函数对我国1998-2007年36个细分行业的面板数据进行分析,估计了我国工业的技术效率和全要素生产率.分析结果表明,较高市场化程度的经济制度、较大的产业规模和较低的能源消耗均有利于生产效率的提高;我国工业生产效率是存在波动的,而且行业之间的差异十分明显;全要素生产率是在波动中增长的,2003年是其峰值;行业规模与生产效率表现出了开口向下的抛物线关系,而与全要素生产率却呈反方向变化;总体上,我国工业TFP增长主要源自技术进步和资源配置效率的改善,但各行业TFP增长的源泉差异巨大.     

多维政绩考核、地方政府竞争与城市生产效率损失

利用260个地级市数据研究多维政绩考核、地方政府竞争对区域生产效率损失的影响。研究发现:在经济型、经济-生态型和经济-生态-服务型政府绩效考核机制下,地方政府间的竞争高位压力均会导致城市生产效率损失,低位吸力则会促进本地区生产效率提升。多元化政绩考核体系能够有效纠正地方政府间竞争造成的资源配置扭曲,降低城市生产效率损失。不同区位、资源禀赋和人口集聚下各城市之间地方政府竞争策略存在差异。就区位异质性而言,经济发达地区的城市由竞争而导致的生产效率损失程度更高,但同时也具有更强的集聚力以提高区域生产效率;就资源禀赋异质性而言,环境规制对资源型城市生产效率提高作用更为显著,多元化政绩考核机制一定程度上能够避免"资源诅咒"效应的形成,从而降低地区生产效率损失;就城市规模异质性而言,"用脚投票"机制在超大特大型城市中作用更为显著,不同规模城市提高生产效率途径存在差异。     

基于DEA的中国能源产业生产效率及生产率变动分析

本文基于DEA,对1997—2007年间我国29个主要能源生产省份的能源生产效率及生产率变动进行了实证分析。结果表明,我国能源产业生产效率的地区差异显著、平均水平较低,相对来说常规能源的生产效率发挥比较充分;总体看来,生产率增长主要是技术进步的结果,规模效率的贡献较少;大多数省份的生产率水平有一定程度的提高,但引起各地变化的原因却不尽相同。     

我国不同规模奶牛场的技术效率及其影响因素分析——基于新分类数据和随机距离函数

运用2004—2008年我国23个主要奶牛养殖省牛奶生产的新分类数据,使用随机距离函数计算了中国牛奶生产的技术效率及其变动趋势。研究结果表明:全国牛奶生产的平均技术效率为78.3%,年均增长速度5.5%,效率的进步特征明显;不同规模奶牛场的技术效率差异显著,适度扩大养殖规模有利于提升效率水平;卫生防疫、饲料投入结构、市场的消费需求和养殖户收益等因素对牛奶生产的技术效率具有显著的正向影响。     

中国地区工业知识生产效率测算

文章运用1996-2003年我国29个省(自治区,直辖市)的大中型工业企业面板数据,以新产品开发项目数衡量创新产出,以研发资本存量和研发人员表示创新投入,采用数据包络分析和随机前沿分析方法,对我国地区工业的知识生产效率进行了测算和分析。分析结果表明,用随机前沿法测算的知识生产效率较大而且较为稳定;各地区工业的知识生产效率存在较大差异,具有明显的不均衡发展特征;总体而言,我国地区工业的知识生产效率偏低,存在较大的改进潜力。     

Technical and scale efficiencies of meat goat farms in the USA

This study determines i) scale and technical efficiencies, ii) marginal productive contributions for inputs and outputs and iii) efficiency drivers of meat goat farms in the USA. We estimate an input distance function (IDF) using a stochastic production frontier (SPF) technique. The average technical efficiency (TE) for the USA meat goat whole farm was 0.74. The operator education level, percentage of annual net farm income from the goat operation, regional differences and holding of an off farm job are the efficiency drivers of USA meat goat farms. We find increasing returns to scale (RTS) for USA meat goat farms. Our results suggest that USA meat goat farms can be scale efficient if their optimal size of operation is greater than approximately 64 goats or greater than 40 breeding does. Empirical Monte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques show the consistency of finite-sample properties for the input distance function.     

Structural Change in Rural Croatia—Is Early Retirement An Option?

Structural change in agriculture, although often connected with social hardship of uncompetitive small-scale farms and a loss of tradition, is inevitable. It is the basis for successful rural development. We discuss whether early retirement schemes (ERS) are a good value for public money in terms of the necessary adaptations of the farming sector in the course of economic development, and if they are an option for the EU candidate country Croatia. In Croatia, the small scale farm structure leads to widely uncompetitive farms. A study on farmers’ socioeconomic situation as well as actual and expected reactions to policy support is based on results of a household survey. The sample includes farm households from two Croatian regions: The peri-urban Zagreb county and the typically rural region of Bjelovar-Bilogora. Despite unfavourable economic conditions and insufficient farm incomes, rural people are often reluctant to give up farming. We present results on the age structure, income and production structure of farms and farmers’ likely reactions on ERS. We discuss incentives which push farmers to leave the farming sector and ask in which direction farm families plan their future. We conclude with a synthesis of the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of early retirement schemes and link them with possible outcomes in the Croatian case.     

Grain and sunflower on Russian farms in 2001: how efficient is crop production?

An unusually detailed sample of large farms in Rostov, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions of Russia in 2001 allows microeconomic examination of the production of grain and sunflower crops on Russian farms. Farms are found to have some excess capital and labour, but not land and other types of capital. New operators are found to be more efficient than other farms thought they do not necessarily produce more output. Neither rural infrastructure, location nor specialisation has a clear impact on farm efficiency. How workers are paid is found to be a potential short‐term method for improving farm efficiency that would not involve major farm restructuring.     

Economies of scale and mechanization in Chinese corn and wheat production

ABSTRACT

As the growth in Chinese farm productivity slowed down between 2000 and 2010, modernizing agriculture has become a priority of the Chinese government. Given the important role of mechanization and land reform policies in that context, this study investigates farm production in China with a specific emphasis on the potential role of mechanization as well as land and farm consolidation. A production function is estimated using farm household data on corn and wheat production in the Shandong and Hebei provinces. The results allowed us to explore the potential economies of scale across a range of farm size, the impact of land fragmentation, and assess the impact of machinery usage. Our findings suggest that, taken in isolation, the prospect for efficiency gains from mechanization and land reforms appears limited.     

不同规模农户农业生产效率差异及影响因素研究——基于DEA-Tobit模型的实证分析

文章基于小麦主产区4个省份946个不同规模农户的调查数据,利用DEA模型和Tobit回归模型分析了小农户和家庭农场农业生产效率的影响机制。结果表明:家庭农场的农业生产效率明显高于小农户的农业生产效率,家庭农场的生产效率与经营规模呈倒"U"型变化特征;在影响因素方面,土地肥沃程度与农业技术指导对小农户和家庭农场的农业生产效率均有显著正向影响;家庭农场更倾向于通过提高受教育程度和增加单块耕地面积来提升农业生产效率;而小农户的农业生产效率对农户年龄和农户从事农作物种植年限呈现出较强的依赖性。基于此,建议有针对性地加大农业技术指导,适度扩大农业生产经营规模,加强小农户与新型农业经营主体之间的合作与联合,促进农业生产向高质量发展。     

The myth of large farm superiority: Lessons from agricultural transition in poland

In Poland, larger farms are often actively promoted over small farms. This policy is based on the perception that there are economies of scale that favor large farms; however, this is contrary to international evidence, which generally indicates that larger farms are less efficient and use less labor than smallscale family farms.

Using both total factor productivity measures and data envelopment analysis, empirical findings from Poland suggest that larger farms are no more efficient than smaller farms, and smaller farms are relatively more labor-intensive. These results have important policy implications for farm restructuring in Poland and other transition economies.     

Measuring farm sustainability and explaining differences in sustainable efficiency

A major objective of European agricultural policy is to have a sustainable and efficient farming sector that is applying environmentally-friendly production methods. Policy makers aim to combine a strong economic performance and a sustainable use of natural resources. Therefore, it is important to measure and to assess farm sustainability. For a large dataset of Flemish dairy farms, a valuation method that is based on the concept of opportunity costs is used to calculate and analyze differences among the sample farms with respect to the creation of “sustainable value”. But more important than measuring the creation of sustainable value is to analyze differences in sustainable efficiency. Therefore, sustainable efficiency measures are calculated and differences in sustainable efficiency are explained. Using panel data, an effect model captures the determinants of sustainable efficiency of the studied farms. The empirical model shows that, in general, larger farms have a higher sustainable efficiency. Also farmer's age and dependency on support payments proved to be determining characteristics for observed differences in sustainable efficiency.