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1.
Political entrepreneurship and bidding for political monopoly 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Michael Wohlgemuth 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):273-295
An analytical framework for dealing with political entrepreneurship and reform is proposed which is based on some new combinations
of Schumpeterian political economy, an extended version of Tullock's model of democracy as franchise-bidding for natural monopoly
and some basic elements of New Institutional Economics. It is shown that problems of insufficient award criteria and incomplete
contracts which may arise in economic bidding schemes, also – and even more so – characterise political competition. At the
same time, these conditions create leeway for Schumpeterian political entrepreneurship. The same is true for various barriers
to entry in politics. These barriers affect a trade-off between political stability and political contestability which will
be discussed with special emphasis on incentives and opportunities for political entrepreneurship in the sense of risking
long-term investments in basic political reforms. 相似文献
2.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
3.
Knowledge, consumption, and endogenous growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Richard N. Langlois 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):77-93
In neoclassical theory, knowledge generates increasing returns – and therefore growth – because it is a public good that
can be costlessly reused once created. In fact, however, much knowledge in the economy is actually tacit and not easily transmitted
–and thus not an obvious source of increasing returns. Several writers have responded to this alarming circumstances by affirming
hopefully that knowledge today is increasingly codified, general, and abstract – and increasingly less tacit. This paper disputes
such a trend. But all is not lost: for knowledge does not have to be codified to be reused and therefore to generate economic
growth. 相似文献
4.
G.M. Peter Swann 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):59-75
This paper studies the demand for a distinction good – the prestige car – and examines how this demand for distinction influences
the evolution of the product. We focus on two very different sorts of distinction car: the Rolls Royce and the Ferrari. These
two examples help us to articulate two polar approaches to the demand for distinction: distinction through antiquity and distinction
through novelty. The paper sets out a model of the demand for distinction, and uses it to describe two trajectories along
which the prestige car – and the demand for it – may evolve. 相似文献
5.
In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy Joseph A. Schumpeter concluded that socialism would eventually displace capitalism in Western democracies. This would come
about as a result of the superior performance of capitalism. We extract six “stylized” propositions that are essential elements
of Schumpeter's prediction about the fate of capitalism. These propositions are confronted with the development of the Swedish
economy. The three main results of the analysis are:
(1) The evolution of the Swedish economy closely followed Schumpeter's predictions until about 1980: Large firms became increasingly
predominant in production and innovative activity, ownership of firms became more and more concentrated, individual entrepreneurship
waned in importance, the general public grew increasingly hostile towards capitalism, and by the late 1970s explicit proposals
for a gradual transfer of ownership of firms from private hands were launched.
(2) Design of tax and industrial policies fueled a development of the economy along the lines predicted by Schumpeter. In
general, the policies discouraged private wealth accumulation. In particular, the policies favored concentration of firms
and concentration of private ownership.
(3) The turning point away from the path to socialism coincides with real world developments that disclosed two major flaws
in Schumpeter's analysis. First, the ever more obvious failure of socialism in Eastern Europe went against Schumpeter's assertion
that socialism can work. Second, Schumpeter, who thought that modern technology would make the giant corporation increasingly
predominant, did not foresee the revival of entrepreneurship that took place in the Western countries around 1980. 相似文献
6.
Abstract. In this paper we look at unemployment as a phenomenon which reflects the co-ordination problems that characterize out-of-equilibrium
processes of adjustment. The analysis carried out shifts the focus from structural factors to the economic process. It shows
that unemployment cannot be satisfactorily explained – and policy interventions devised – by focusing only on specific characters
of the technology or confining the analysis to structural factors concerning the labour market. The co-ordination mechanisms
of adjustment processes rather than the fundamentals of the economy appear, in this light, as the main determinants of differences
in unemployment trends in different economies; and monetary policy comes back to the center of the stage as an essential element
of the working of these mechanisms.
RID="*"
ID="*" We thank anonymous referees for their very useful comments, and Elena Lega for the helpful support to the simulation
analysis carried out.
Correspondence to: J.-L. Gaffard 相似文献
7.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
8.
Pontus Braunerhjelm Bo Carlsson Dilek Cetindamar Dan Johansson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):471-488
This paper examines the rapid growth of the polymer-based and biomedical clusters in Ohio and Sweden – two regions of similar
size and with similar traditions undergoing similar industrial restructuring.
Two issues are addressed: First, why has growth been so strong in these particular clusters, i.e., can we identify the sources
of the growth and dynamics in these sectors? Second, why do these two clusters differ in Ohio and Sweden in terms of size,
level and type of activity, number and composition of actors, size structure of firms and growth patterns over the last couple
of decades? In particular, what is the role of public policies as well as cultural, historical, and geographic factors?
Our main conclusions are (1) that there is strong path dependence in both clusters in both countries, and (2) that the key
to rapid development is a high absorptive capacity combined with rapid diffusion to new potential users. Our policy discussion
addresses these issues. 相似文献
9.
Uncertainty and the size distribution of rewards from innovation 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Previous research has shown that the distribution of profit outcomes from technological innovations is highly skew. This
paper builds upon those detailed findings to ask: what stochastic processes can plausibly be inferred to have generated the
observed distributions? After reviewing the evidence, this paper reports on several stochastic model simulations, including
a pure Gibrat random walk with monthly changes approximating those observed for high-technology startup company stocks and
a more richly specified model blending internal and external market uncertainties. The most highly specified simulations suggest
that the set of profit potentials tapped by innovators is itself skew-distributed and that the number of entrants into innovation
races is more likely to be independent of market size than stochastically dependent upon it. 相似文献
10.
Birgitte Andersen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1999,9(4):487-526
Since the works by the business cycle theorists in the 1930s, no attempts have been made to study empirically the long term
evolution paths of individual technologies starting with long time series. This is an empirical exploration and confirmation
of the now almost assumed image or metaphor of the way technology develops; that it follows an S-shaped growth path which is commonly associated with a similar shaped diffusion function of entrepreneurial activity. The
paper also confirms the diversity of technology dynamics and explores how technological cycle takeoffs appear to be clustered
within certain historical epochs. The results have implications for our understanding of the evolution paths of individual
technologies, and of the evolution of technological systems and waves of innovation.
By use of computational statistics, logistic growth functions are fitted to US patent stocks, 1920–1990, at a detailed level
of aggregation, including chemical, electrical/electronic, mechanical, transport and non-industrial technologies. Some practical
considerations when developing an empirically testable model of innovation cycles are addressed in the paper as well. 相似文献
11.
John H. 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):55-81
Following Richardson (1972), capabilities comprise tacit, personal, subjective and context-specific knowledge that may be
shared in practice only with difficulty across small, task oriented groups within firms or other types of organisation, and
are expressed in the form of activities. The definition has been influential, and its focus on tacit knowledge has, arguably,
encouraged research activities in the form of studies adopting experimental and simulation techniques, while providing less
impetus for complementary empirical inquiry. This paper presents an empirical inquiry into an aspect of the development of
capabilities in the UK's upstream oil and gas industry promoted by the changing organisation of activities across oil companies
and contracting and supply companies. The main argument is that researchers can gain partial and subjective access to capabilities
– distinct from activities – because individuals involved in the industry articulate and codify understandings of capabilities
through practical theorising and commercial experimenting. Such articulation and codification plays an important role in the
development of capabilities in industrial contexts. 相似文献
12.
J.S. Metcalfe 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):3-15
The central theme of this address is the complicated relationship between the growth of the economy and the growth of knowledge.
This theme is explored with the help of a single concept “restless capitalism” which is used to capture the idea that capitalism
in equilibrium is a contradiction in terms precisely because the growth of knowledge cannot be meaningfully formulated as
the outcome of a constellation of equilibrating forces. This theme is explored through a discussion of growth accounting,
the relationship between innovation, markets and institutions and, as an example, the development of innovation in the field
of ophthalmology. We also discuss some pioneering contributions made by Simon Kuznets and Arthur Burns to the discussion of
evolutionary growth. From this Schumpeterian perspective we see the economy as an ensemble not an aggregate entity and so
see more clearly the importance of microdiversity in the relationship between growth of knowledge and growth of the economy. 相似文献
13.
M. Fuat Şener 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):557-583
This paper constructs a general equilibrium model of equilibrium unemployment by combining an endogenous growth model with
a variant of equilibrium search theory. The analysis offers two explanations for the causes of widening wage gap between skilled
and less-skilled labor, and rising unemployment rate among the less skilled: technological change in the form of an increase
in the size of innovations or skilled labor saving technological change in R&D activity.
In addition, the model identifies two distinct effects of faster technological progress on the aggregate unemployment rate.
First, it increases the rate of labor turnover and therefore increases the aggregate unemployment rate – the creative destruction
effect. Second, it creates R&D jobs, which offer workers complete job security, and consequently reduces the aggregate unemployment
rate – the resource reallocation effect. 相似文献
14.
Majid Taghavi 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):159-173
This paper attempts to empirically test the hypothesis that whether debt matters in the EU. This has been performed by examining
the potential adverse effects of debt in large European economies on investment, inflation and growth. Using the hybrid cointegration
and vector autoregressive models, the findings, based on the period 1970–97, suggest that debt causes significant adverse
effects on investment, but its impact on growth is not clear-cut. Moreover, debt appears to be inflationary in most cases
in the long run, though produces no clear short run pattern on inflation. 相似文献
15.
Ulrich Witt 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):77-94
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy
does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and
their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative
knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities
and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making
theory, and social philosophy.
RID="*"
ID="*" The author should like to thank three anonymous referees of this journal and the editor for helpful comments on an
earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
16.
Michael Peneder 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):107-134
To make intangibles more ‘tangible’ for empirical analysis, statistical cluster techniques are applied in the development
of two new taxonomies of manufacturing industries. The first focuses on the distinction between exogenous, location dependent
comparative cost advantages, such as the relative abundance of capital or labour, and endogenously created firm specific advantages
resulting from intangible investments in marketing or innovation. The second taxonomy discriminates between industries according
to their employment of skilled labour. Finally, econometric tests are used to investigate the presumed complementarity between
intangible investments and human resources. 相似文献
17.
Eyüp Özveren 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):49-65
This paper evaluates Schumpeter's grand vision as reflected in his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, and elaborates it in conjunction with the so-called “globalization” trends characteristic of the wake of the twenty-first
century. In addition to the evolutionary nature of his methodology, the institutionalist dimension of Schumpeter's definitions
are brought to light. A case is made for a fundamental process of “uncreative destruction” as far as the institutional setup
of the economy is concerned. The contention of this paper is that there is ample support in Schumpeterian analysis for a counterpoint
to the liberal thesis that envisages the worldwide spread of individualism, market economies, and democratic forms of government. 相似文献
18.
Maria Luiza Falcão Silva Joaquim Pinto de Andrade Thomas S. Torrance 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):109-129
Recently a number of emerging economies, with high inflation and various kinds of imbalances have experienced what has come
to be referred to as dollarization– the phenomenon of currency substitution where the dollar gradually replaces the national currency in the performance of
its fundamental functions. The phenomenon is most commonly encountered as a component of the exchange-rate-based stabilization
programs implemented in a number of emerging economies in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East. The fundamental issue we
want to explore is whether this process forces the monetary authorities of emerging economies to act with their hands tied,
as if caught in a trap. It is argued that when the expansion of liquidity and domestic credit is determined by the quantity
of foreign-exchange reserves, an independent monetary policy vanishes and national sovereignty itself is shackled. Since this
scenario typically occurs in a world of increasing globalization of finance, this paper also discusses (with reference to
emerging economies) the risks and implications of capital inflows for macroeconomic policy autonomy, economic instability,
and vulnerability to external shocks. 相似文献
19.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
20.
Technology transfer in United States universities 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
This paper examines the role of offices of technology transfer (OTT) in 12 U.S. universities in 1998 in commercializing research
results in the form of patents, licenses, and start-ups of new companies. We study the organization and place of OTTs within
the university structure, the process of technology transfer, and the staffing and funding of the office. Data were collected
through a mail questionnaire followed up through telephone interviews. We also conducted a statistical analysis of data for
170 U.S. universities, hospitals, and research institutes for the period 1991–1996. Our findings suggest that technology transfer
from universities to the commercial sector needs to be understood in its broader context. The primary purpose of a technology
transfer program is for the university to assist its researchers in disseminating research results for the public good. Success
in this endeavor is only partially reflected in income generated for the university or the number of business start-ups. The
degree of success depends not only on the nature of the interface between the university and the business community but also
on the receptivity in the surrounding community as well as the culture, organization, and incentives within the universities
themselves. 相似文献