新型农村社区建设的现实意义及路径探讨

新型农村社区是不同于传统农村社区和现代城市社区的社会生活共同体。它是城乡一体化发展和农村自身变革与发展的必然要求,也是节约资源、集聚发展的现实选择。但在建设过程中面临观念滞后、用地困难、资金缺口大、缺乏规划和政策难配套等困难。新型农村社区建设必须走“以需求为导向”的社区建设模式、“以人为本,以农民为主体”的社区发展战略、“城乡等值”的社区建设理念和多渠道的资金投入机制。     

城乡一体化视角下的新型农村社区建设研究

新型农村社区建设不仅是农村社会化发展的内在要求,也是推进城乡一体化的外在要求。当前新型农村社区建设快速推进,但普遍存在概念认识不清、规划不合理、产业支撑薄弱、农民参与动力不足、建设资金缺乏等诸多问题。为提升新型农村社区建设质量,实现其持续健康发展,政府必须转变观念,准确把握新型农村社区的内涵,科学规划,探索合适的产业支撑和发展模式,改革和完善相关保障机制,切实保障农民权益,破解资金难题。     

农村社区建设中农民参与的影响因素研究

农民作为社区建设的承担者和受益者,是农村社区建设的当然主体,其参与积极性和主动性是农村社区建设的动力和保障。通过对山东省1367户有效样本的调查,构建了农民参与社区建设影响因素的多元回归模型,得出农民参与社区建设自身利益因素、农民参与社区建设重要性认知度、社区事务公开监督满意度、农民参与社区建设责任认知度、农民参与社区事务途径、农户兼业程度对农民参与社区建设产生重要影响。为此,应培育农民农村社区建设意识,推进农村社区基层民主建设,提高农民综合素质,正确处理社区公共利益与农民自身利益关系,实现农民利益社区化。     

加强服务培育,构建农村服务型社区管理体制

文章针对目前我国农村社区建设中软环境的缺失与不足,提出通过服务培育,完善农村社区各项服务功能。进而建立完善的农村社区服务体系,并支持农村服务型社区管理体制的构建,为我国新农村建设奠定良好的基础。     

金融支持农村社区建设的可行性

农村社区建设以统筹城乡发展、实现农民增收、深化农村土地管理制度改革为目标,是党和政府为提高农民生活质量、缩小城乡差距、实现经济社会更好更快发展的重大战略举措,是农民群众生产及生活方式的一场变革。作为扎根县域的农业银行,有54%的网点、     

加快“两新”工程建设 推进城乡统筹发展

新市镇是连接城乡的节点，新社区是新市镇的延伸。加快推进现代新市镇和城乡一体新社区建设，引导农民向新市镇、新社区集聚，是转换生产生活方式和改善生态环境的一场彻底革命，是推进新型工业化、新型城市化、农业现代化的一项基础工程，也是应对当前国际金融危机，拓展农村消费市场，促进经济转型升级的重要途径。因此，按照嘉兴市委、     

农民安置型社区文化建设的现状和对策研究

农民安置社区文化建设不仅是构建社会主义和谐社会的需要,而且对失地农民来说也意义重大。目前安置社区文化建设存在着社区凝聚力不足、社区文化冲突明显等主要问题。如何通过安置社区文化建设,培养和提高农民市民化素质,促进城乡一体化健康和谐发展是社会主义和谐社会建设的一项重要实践课题。     

加强农村社区建设 推进城乡一体化进程

统筹城乡一体化发展,实现城乡社会的整合与融合,加快推进城乡社区的建设是一条有效且必经的路径。城乡社区建设推进县域城乡一体化,其关键就在于通过加强对农村社区的建设     

推进农村社区发展,建设社会主义新农村

农村社区建设是推动农村经济和社会全面发展的重大战略举措,是建设社会主义新农村的重要内容。推进农村社区建设必须落实科学发展观,统筹城乡经济社会发展。农村社区建设的重点应该从广大农民最关心、要求最迫切又容易见成效的工作做起——诸如发展农村经济、加强农村基础设施和社会公共事业建设、培育新型农民等,也就是要"以人为本"。     

让社区建设进乡入村

社区建设本来是城市工作研究的课题,文明城市创建,也主要是搞好城市的社区建设问题。然而,在经济发达的苏南农村,在江阴市,当我们在推进文明城市创建时,农村的社区建设已经成为一个绕不过去的现实问题摆到了面前。我们深切感到,对县级市而言,社区建设必须进乡入村。 社区建设必须进乡入村,是苏南农村经济与社会发展的必然要求。在我国,农业现代化、农村城镇化和城乡一体化,是一条必由之路。而在江阴等苏南农村,已经率先进入集镇城市化、城乡一体化的发展阶段。几年来,江阴市坚持城市现代化、集镇城市化、城乡一体化的发展方向…     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新*———基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。