云南农民增收问题探析

三农问题不仅是农业、农村、农民自身的问题,还是关系到国民经济可持续和健康发展的问题。当前,三农问题十分突出,但其关键还是如何提高农民收入,因此对农民增收问题进行分析,挖掘提高农民收入的对策是解决三农问题的有效途径。     

促进农村经济与农民增收的途径与对策研究——以通江县为例

"三农"问题一直是我国经济发展和实现全面小康目标的关键.三农问题关乎农村经济的发展,而三农问题的核心是农民问题,具体表现为农民增收问题,如何促进农民收入持续稳定的增长是解决三农问题的关键.但目前我国农村经济的发展与农民收入增长仍然存在许多问题.本文以通江县为例,结合通江县地方实际情况,通过对影响通江县经济与农民增收问题的各种因素等的分析,对如何促进通江县经济与农民增收进行研究.     

反思城乡二元结构体制下的农民增收难问题

三农问题一直是关系我国经济社会、国计民生的大问题。我国三农问题的现状是农业基础薄弱、农村发展滞后、农民增收困难。农民增收困难已经成为我国三农问题的核心,而我国长期存在的城乡二元结构是抑制农民增收的重要原因。在城乡二元结构的影响下,一系列不均衡的政策和措施制约了农民增收。     

三农问题的三个核心认识

在分析三农问题现状及产生原因的基础上,对当前农村、农业、农民的问题进行重新认识和梳理,提出认识和解决三农问题的核心观念,即在农村问题上要抓住农村经济组织的建设和强势发展;在农业问题上要大力推进乡镇域经济的构建和发展;在农民问题上要建立产权清晰、流转自由的农村土地制度,激发农民的生产积极性以提高土地的使用效率。这三个问题当属目前三农问题的三个核心问题。     

发展乡村生态旅游与"三农"问题关系探析

三农问题是亟待解决的一个问题,其核心是农民问题,关键是收入低下和农村剩余劳动力的转移问题。打造原生态乡村旅游是解决三农问题的佳径之一。对于农民来说,发展生态乡村旅游有利于增加农民收入,为剩余劳动力增加就业机会,并有利于提高农民素质;对于农村来说,有利于改进农村产业结构,改善农村环境,带动农村城镇化;对于农业来说,有利于农业科技推广,增加农业产出,有利于农产品的就地销售。     

“以人为本”:农业生产力发展的现实呼唤

三农问题已成为新时期中国最令人关注的问题。本文主张,应在“以人为本”思想指导下,尊重和关心农民利益,提高农民素质,进行配套的社会体制改革,以促进农业生产力的发展,从根本上解决三农问题。     

基于三农视角对黑龙江省农村公路发展的思考

黑龙江省作为农业大省,三农问题的解决显得尤为艰巨。农业发展、农村稳定、农民增收问题不仅关系到中国农村的发展,而且影响整个社会的稳定,是迫切需要解决的问题。而农村公路是与三农关系最为直接的基础设施之一,对于农业实现产业化、农村实现现代化、农民实现增收都有着重大的现实意义。主要研究农村公路的发展对黑龙江省三农问题解决的作用和影响。     

浅析牡丹江市农村剩余劳动力转移问题

三农问题是当前中国经济发展面临的首要问题，三农问题的核心是农民问题，而解决农民问题的根本出路是剩余劳动力的有效转移，剩余劳动力转移的方法和途径是多种多样的，但增强劳动力就业的竞争能力，     

加入WTO与增加农民收入的相关性分析

“三农问题”的核心是农民问题，农民问题的关键是增加农民收入。中国加入WTO，对农民增加收入产生巨大的影响和冲击。因此，必须根据入世协议要求，结合当前“三农问题”的现状，采取有力措施，增加农民收入，从根本上解决农民收入问题。     

影响我国农业发展的因素分析及对策措施

近年来,政府和社会各界对“三农问题”倍加关注和重视,但政府等组织的重视都未反映农业应有的地位,比如“三农问题”中的农民收入问题。巴西、墨西哥等国的发展经验表明,不能解决农民增收问题,就一定不能解决农业和农村这两个问题。在关于农民增收的讨论中,发展农业一直被很多人认为是农民增收的重要途径。但是,由于我国缺少一个反映农民利益的平衡的政治结构,农民处于持续性地被歧视中,不仅农民增收困难,而且影响农业发展和农业竞争质量。为此,必须通过制度改革和政策调整,给农民以公民待遇,提高农民的就业能力,为农民增收创造制度条件,实现农民增收和农业发展的双重目的。     

GENERATING INTERNATIONALLY COMPARABLE INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA: EVIDENCE FROM THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY (1974), MEXICO (1968) AND THE UNITED KINGDOM (1979).

In this article an attempt is made to generate internationally comparable income distribution data for the Federal Republic of Germany (1974), Mexico (1968) and the United Kingdom (1979). To that end, the same income concept and income unit were adopted for each country, i.e. respectively household available income and the household. Moreover, incomes from various sources were adjusted for inconsistency with National Accounts according to Altimir's methodology. The paper finds that the distribution of persons by household income per equivalent unit is probably the best way of looking at the distribution of economic welfare. It further demonstrates that the distribution of persons by household available income per capita is much closer to this 'ideal' distribution than the distribution of households by household available income. Finally, the paper discusses some of the problems arising from the fact that one normally works with grouped data. It is found that in the case of the three countries under study, grouping is likely to have had only a small impact on the results.     

劳动力价值实现与农村人力资本开发

农民收入是三农中最主要的问题.农民收入与农村人力资本开发程度具有正的相关性.农民收入的两次飞跃正是基于农村人力资本的开发.加强农村人力资本的开发,关键在于使农民在市场经济条件下的劳动符合劳动力市场的需求,从而在市场经济条件下实现其劳动力价值.农村人力资本的开发要加强对农民的培训,使农民劳动力的质和量符合社会的要求.政府在这一过程中要承担起相应的责任,包括信息服务和政策保障.     

CORRUPTION AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES

In this study we analyze the effects of corruption on income inequality. Our analysis advances the existing literature in three ways. First, instead of using one of the corruption indices assembled by various investment risk services, we use an objective measure of corruption: the number of public officials convicted in a state for crimes related to corruption. Second, we minimize the problems which are likely to arise because of data incomparability by examining the differences in income inequality across the United States. Finally, we exploit both time series and cross‐sectional variation in the data. We find robust evidence that an increase in corruption increases income inequality. (JEL D31, D73, I32)     

津与京沪穗城镇居民收入差距及其成因分析

从津与京沪穗三市居民收入存在较大差距且逐步扩大的事实出发,从各分项收入的角度分析得出全民集体经济、其他所有制得到的收入和转移收入是津与京沪穗居民收入差距的主要原因;这三种收入之所以对实际收入差距的贡献较大,既有其收入比重差距的原因,又有其内部差距较大的原因;探讨了收入差距之外的因素:所有制、经营机制和产业发展。     

The multinational corporation vis-à-vis societies in transformation: The case for intermediate technology in the developing countries

There are preciously few problems, no matter how intricate, which—when perceived form more different angles and over more time—do not grow in complexity. Perhaps the most complicated problem that crossed this author's path is the development of Asia, Latin America and Africa.Development to what? As a Dutch economist who sees himself preferably as a socioeconomist, I perceive development as a level of human dignity that requires, a priori, employment. For to be unemployed is to be outside society and to lose face, self-respect and income.As a regional planner for a large multinational corporation—CPC International, Inc.—I have studied in some depth what comes first: education or employment; resources or employment; consumption or production; food or productivity; agriculture or industry; growth or distribution. Having been exposed to these problems in various continents, I have reached the conclusion that employment is, on balance, the number one priority.That priority calls for a highly labor-intensive technology, which in this article is termed “intermediate technology”. It constitutes one phase of development that can create rock-bottom employment, a meager but sure and growing income, and human dignity for one billion marginated people in three continents. That objective requires ingenuous technological forecasting for vital social change.     

资本市场化作用于居民收入差距的机理分析

资本市场提供的各种金融工具可以为居民带来财产性收入。随着资本市场化进程的加快,拥有更多收入的居民可以将其剩余资金投资到金融工具上,以获取更多的收入。而收入较低的居民由于缺乏剩余资金,自然也无法获得相应的收入。资本市场化加快的趋势扩大了要素所有者之间的收入差距。     

浅议个人所得税改革的政治经济学因素

传统的税收理论把个人所得税划分为综合、分类和混合税制三种类型。我国理论界在个人所得税效率和公平的认识上也存在误区：一方面认为分类税制征管方便,成本低;另一方面认为分类税制可以区别征税,能更好地处理公平问题。事实上,个人所得税从是否分类和是否累进征税两个维度可以划分为四种类型。从征管效率看,综合税制要优于分类税制,比例税制要优于累进税制;从公平角度看,综合税制也更符合市场经济公平竞争的精神。所以,我国的个人所得税的改革方向应该是综合比例税制。近几年个人所得税工薪所得免征额进行了两次调整,主要是受到利益集团的影响,调整基本上与税刺改革的效率和公平目标无关。个人所得税改革的关键是要选择合适的税制类型,采取整体推进全面改革的方式。同时,改革中应该警惕利益集团的影响。     

Long-term unemployment and short-term unemployment benefits: The changing nature of non-employment subsidies in Central and Eastern Europe

Non-employment rates in all central and eastern European countries have increased dranatically thoroughout the transition and are currently larger than those of the lowest income OECD countries. Non-employment benefits other than unemployment benefits are providing income support to this growing number of able-bodied individuals out of work. Under the present design of unemployment benefits and social assistance, there may be serious incentive problems related to the shift from unemployment benefits to other, means-tested, non-employment benefits and this shift occurs in transition countries at rather early stages of an unemployment spell; these incentive problems are bound to become particularly acute in a less inflationary environment.     

外资质量与引资优惠政策分析——基于博弈论的分析框架

从东道国与外商投资者的博弈行为出发,构建了一个用于分析外资优惠政策调整的动态博弈模型,据此模型得到三个命题:东道国引资过程满足边际收益等于边际成本条件,优惠政策的边界条件取决于收益系数、成本系数以及最佳外资规模的大小;优惠政策与投资环境具有反向的替代关系,与外资的最佳规模呈正比关系;低质量的投资对环境的敏感系数要小于高质量投资,低质量的投资对优惠政策的敏感系数要大于高质量投资。并用这三个命题对中国外资政策调整的历程做了解释。     

营养、健康与效率——来自中国贫困农村的证据

运用来自中国贫困农村的数据 ,本文系统地研究了营养、健康对劳动生产率或者说收入的影响。在控制着营养和健康变量“内生性”的前提下 ,本文估计了不同的营养和健康指标在中国贫困农村的回报和弹性。结果表明 ,几乎所有的营养和健康方面都影响到农村的劳动生产率 ,其中 ,营养摄入和疾病的影响最为显著。平均来看 ,卡路里拥有量每增加 1 % ,种植业收入会相应增加 0 57% ;而家庭劳动力因病无法工作时间每增加一个月 ,种植业收入将减少 2 3 0 0元。这些结果说明 ,要想使农民摆脱贫困的束缚 ,投资于营养和健康具有至关重要的作用。