国际视域下德国科学计量学影响力研究

2019年普赖斯奖获得者是德国科学计量学家LutzBornmann，至此在30位普赖斯奖获得者中，德国共有两位学者获此殊荣，反映了德国科学计量学研究在国际上的重要地位。因此，有必要对德国科学计量学发展及国际影响力进行研究。以Scientometrics期刊数据以及施引文献作为数据来源，通过使用词频分析、战略坐标图、文献计量分析、Python爬虫方法、引文分析展现德国科学计量学在国际舞台上的战略地位。结果发现，第一阶段德国科学计量学发展处于较为领先的地位，但第二阶段稍逊于第一阶段。德国在科学计量学领域的发展有较为明显的领头羊效应，即第一、第二阶段都有一家机构、一名学者一枝独秀，引领德国乃至世界科学计量学发展。     

国际视域下德国科学计量学影响力研究

2019年普赖斯奖获得者是德国科学计量学家LutzBornmann，至此在30位普赖斯奖获得者中，德国共有两位学者获此殊荣，反映了德国科学计量学研究在国际上的重要地位。因此，有必要对德国科学计量学发展及国际影响力进行研究。以Scientometrics期刊数据以及施引文献作为数据来源，通过使用词频分析、战略坐标图、文献计量分析、Python爬虫方法、引文分析展现德国科学计量学在国际舞台上的战略地位。结果发现，第一阶段德国科学计量学发展处于较为领先的地位，但第二阶段稍逊于第一阶段。德国在科学计量学领域的发展有较为明显的领头羊效应，即第一、第二阶段都有一家机构、一名学者一枝独秀，引领德国乃至世界科学计量学发展。     

德国大科学装置运行服务及管理评价机制

德国将大科学装置视为基础研究的重要组成部分和创新的原动力。德国的大科学装置是开展跨机构、跨学科研究和培养青年科学家的良好平台。经过几十年的发展,德国在大科学装置的建设开发和管理运行方面积累了一些成功经验。本文对德国大科学装置的建设开发、管理运行、开放共享服务以及评估评价机制等进行分析,以期对我国大科学装置建设提供借鉴。     

改革开放30年我国科技合作研究热点分析——基于词频分析视角

从中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)中下载了1979-2008年与科技合作相关的文献题录数据,利用科学计量学的词频分析方法,得到了科技合作领域的若干研究热点;运用知识可视化软件Pajek,对这些关键词进行共现分析,勾勒出改革开放30年来我国科技合作研究的热点和特点,并对今后的研究趋势进行了初步预测。     

21世纪以来国内组织行为学研究现状与趋势——基于CSSCI(2000-2013)文献的科学计量分析

基于科学文献计量的知识图谱理论,运用词频分析、共现分析、多维尺度分析、共被引分析等方法,对CSSCI(2000-2013)收录的8种权威期刊中关于组织行为学的779条文献数据进行统计分析,着力描绘21世纪以来我国组织行为学领域的研究进展,并在此基础上,探寻核心作者组成的学术共同体、高被引文献形成的学科基础理论、核心研究机构和核心期刊构成的学术平台对我国组织行为学发展的推动作用。结果表明,我国的组织行为学研究已经形成了包含工作生活质量、绩效、领导力、创新/创造力在内的若干热点前沿领域,涌现出一批有影响力的核心作者、科研机构和核心期刊,突显出多元化基础理论和跨学科整合的态势。通过对我国组织行为学14年来研究成果的深入、可视和全面分析,为我国组织行为学理论乃至管理学未来相关研究提供有益参考和借鉴。     

美国大学跨学科研究组织运作模式的创新——加州格雷·戴维斯州长科学与创新研究院案例分析

大学的创新诉求要求大学开展跨学科研究，促进大学科研竞争力的实现。大学在进行跨学科研究时会选择不同的组织形式，不同的组织形式有着不同的组织运作模式。本文以美国加州格雷·戴维斯州长科学与创新研究院为例，分析了加州格雷·戴维斯州长科学与创新研究院在进行跨学科研究的组织运作模式，发现其运作模式呈现为一个三重螺旋型的运作模式，对该运作模式进行了创新三螺旋解释，并给出了结论与政策建议。     

世界科学多极化及中国的思考

随着经济全球化的发展,中国等一批新兴市场国家在取得经济快速发展的同时,在科学领域也逐步形成起了较强的科学能力,正在逐步打破西方国家在科学领域的绝对垄断地位,虽然目前力量还比较薄弱,但是已经显示了世界科学向多极方向发展的趋势.文章从国际论文发表、博士培养、学术和研究人员流动、国际科学合作四方面分析了科学多极化发展趋势.文章还在分析中国在科学多极化中的基本特征或不足基础上,对增强中国在世界科学领域中的地位和作用提出若干建议.     

高校跨学科组织实施中存在的问题及对策

当今社会,科学发展呈现综合化趋势、社会问题呈现复杂化趋势、社会对人才的需求呈现多样化以及复合化趋势,跨学科研究已成为时代的重要议题。然而,作为主要承载跨学科活动的高校,在实施跨学科活动中却遇到了重重困难和种种挑战。基于学科与跨学科在本质特征上的差异分析,考量当前的跨学科组织实施模式和管理现状,分析总结出当前高校跨学科组织实施中存在的问题,并运用组织理论和管理理论给出对策和建议。     

推动科学数据开放共享的思考及启示

在数字转型背景下,科学数据已成为科学研究和创新发展的基础性战略资源,加快推动科学数据开放共享对促进创新体系演化具有积极而重要的意义。本研究梳理总结了中国科学数据的发展现状与问题,表明中国已在科学数据资源的积累和管理方面取得了一定成效,为科学研究提供了重要支撑,但在科学数据的存储积累、产权归属、范围边界、国际合作等方面仍存在一些需要解决的问题。建议加强对科学数据的保存、积累和分析挖掘,加强对科学数据权利进行合理界定和有效保护,逐步推动科学数据的分级分类开放,提升科学数据开放共享的国际合作实践。     

家长式领导对跨学科团队创新绩效的影响——以交互记忆系统为中介变量

以130个跨学科团队为研究对象,从团队认知角度分析家长式领导对跨学科团队创新绩效的影响,并探析交互记忆系统的中介作用。结构方程模型分析结果显示:①家长式领导的仁慈和德行行为通过交互记忆系统对跨学科团队创新绩效产生正向影响,威权领导对交互记忆系统不产生显著影响且对跨学科团队创新绩效存在负向影响;②交互记忆系统部分中介仁慈领导、德行领导对跨学科团队创新绩效的影响。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.     

Types of technology

Technology is a concept rife with confusion. Here, I argue that technologies can be distinguished as a combination of type of producer and an idealized artefact life history. Using this definition, a number of technologies are identified. The first technology historically, in the Protostomes, was the production of individual or family dwellings. Next came objects such as spider webs for trapping prey. Stigmergy followed, with the social insects, as a collective endeavour to construct a mega-structure using simple rules of accretion. Some birds and primates began to make tools, or simple technological objects whose function is closely related to their form. Humans are distinguished by their ability to make machines. Traditional technology took place once people voluntarily organised into groups with specialised knowledge to produce more complex objects and structures. Monumental objects like ceremonial pyramids came with the command economies of the early agrarian societies, which also resulted in a new category of artefact, the network. Finally, with modern civilizations came ad hoc accretion, or population-level adding-on, to make truly complex technological systems. Developing a theoretical framework within which artefacts, production processes and ways of interacting with them are identified should help the study of technology to become more scientific.