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1.
福建省碳排放的因素分解实证研究   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
本文基于1994—2008年的时间序列统计数据,采用对数平均权重的Divisia分解法将影响福建省碳排放的因素分解为能源结构因素、能源排放强度、能源效率和经济发展,建立福建省人均碳排放的因素分解模型,定量衡量各因素对福建省人均碳排放的贡献大小,得出经济发展是福建人均碳排放最大的拉动因素,能源效率是抑制福建人均碳排放最重要的因素,而能源结构对福建人均碳排放的影响相对较小但今后贡献可能增大等结论。  相似文献   

2.
论文基于1990—2015年浙江省碳排放时间序列数据,采用STIRPAT模型,探讨驱动浙江碳排放量增长的主要影响因素和各因素的影响程度,明确碳排放控制的主要领域。结果表明人均GDP、人口规模、能源强度、能源结构、产业结构对碳排放量增加有正向驱动作用,而城镇化率对碳排放量增加有负向驱动作用。人均GDP和人口规模对碳排放量增长的贡献最大,但2000年后人口规模的驱动作用逐渐减弱,经济规模扩大成为碳排放量的主要增长因素。能源强度和城镇化率对碳排放量减少的贡献最大,能源结构的贡献率较低。基于此,提出了提升经济发展质量、促进城镇发展转型、提高能源管理效率等具有针对性的减碳对策。  相似文献   

3.
采用中国30个省(市、区)2000~2010年的相关数据,运用面板数据模型对中国碳排放量的影响因素进行实证研究。面板协整检验表明:区域碳排放量与人均GDP、产业结构、人口数量、能源价格、能源效率和人均可支配收入之间存在长期稳定的内生经济关系。运用面板模型估计各因素的影响系数分析,认为对中国东部、中部、西部地区碳排放量影响最大的三大因素为人均GDP、人口数量和能源效率。  相似文献   

4.
以1981-2008年中国一次能源消费总量、人口数和GDP数据为基础,通过实证分析经济发展、能源强度和能源结构对这一时期人均碳排放的贡献发现:经济发展拉动了人均能源碳排放的增长,能源强度的降低抑制了人均能源碳排放的增长,能源结构的变化在研究期内先对人均能源碳排放起促进作用,然后起抑制作用,其拐点出现在1997年,但研究期内贡献不显著.近年来,能源结构的贡献却有逐步增强的趋势.  相似文献   

5.
长期以来,能源消费是碳排放的主要来源。通过对影响黑龙江省碳排放的主要因素进行分析,指出粗放型的经济发展模式和以重工业为主导的产业结构是黑龙江省碳排放量增长的主要拉动因素,能源效率的提高成为影响黑龙江省碳排放量的主要抑制因素。转变经济发展模式、优化产业结构和能源结构、提高能源效率可以有效抑制黑龙江省碳排放的增长。  相似文献   

6.
采用IPCC推荐的碳排放计算公式,测算了2000年到2011年浙江省能源消费碳排放量,分析了人均碳排放量和碳排放强度的动态特征,并利用LMDI分析其排放变化的影响因素。研究期间,浙江省人均能源消费碳排放量不断上升,碳排放强度呈现下降的趋势,浙江省碳排放处于碳排放强度倒U型曲线高峰到人均碳排放量倒U型曲线高峰阶段的过渡期。经济发展对人均碳排放量增长起到拉动作用,产业结构、能耗强度、能源结构、碳排放系数变化起到抑制作用。产业结构、能耗强度和单位能源消耗碳排放强度变化均对碳排放强度下降产生正向驱动作用。  相似文献   

7.
本文从人口规模、经济发展水平、能源强度、单位能耗碳排放量、能源消费结构、产业结构、城市化、国际贸易分工等方面探讨了低碳经济发展的主要驱动因素,对STIRPAT模型进行了扩展,利用1990~2008年浙江省的统计数据,对低碳经济发展的驱动因素及其贡献率进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:人均GDP、能源强度、人口规模、单位能耗碳排放量和能源消费结构对碳排放总量有显著正向影响,其中人均实际GDP的影响最大,能源强度的影响较大,人口规模和单位能耗碳排放量的影响较小,能源消费结构的影响最小,而产业结构、城市化水平、国际贸易分工对碳排放总量的影响不显著;人均实际GDP持续增长是碳排放增长的最大正向驱动因素,对碳排放增长的贡献率最大,能源强度变动是碳排放增长的最大负向驱动因素,能源强度变动对碳排放增长具有一定的抑制作用。  相似文献   

8.
采用灰色关联分析方法对吉林省2000~2012年能源消费人均碳排放量与能源消费价格、能源消费结构、能源消费强度、经济发展水平、产业结构和城市化水平等相关影响因素的关联度进行分析,并利用GM(1,1)模型对吉林省2016~2018年人均碳排放量进行了预测。预测结果显示,各相关影响因素在保持现状的情况下,能源消费人均碳排放量未来将会以更高的年均增长速度持续增长。为此,文章根据灰色关联度分析结果,从能源消费价格、能源消费结构、产业结构和能源消费强度几个碳排放相关影响因素入手,提出了降低吉林省能源消费碳排放的政策建议。  相似文献   

9.
利用消费者生活方式方法(CLA),测算1993~2007年我国居民间接能源消费碳排放量,以及城镇和农村居民人均碳排放量的变化趋势。以1993年为基年,对我国居民间接能源消费碳排放量的变化进行分解分析。结果表明:(1)居民间接能源消费碳排放量整体呈上升趋势,城镇和农村居民人均碳排放量也逐年增加,其中2007年城镇居民是农村居民人均碳排放量的三倍。(2)研究期间,人均消费水平城镇化率、居民消费结构和人口规模是拉动居民间接能源消费碳排放量增加的主要因素,而能源消费强度和碳排放强度是抑制碳排放量增加的主要因素。其中2003~2007年碳排放强度起到正效应;居民消费结构表现为负效应,对减少碳排放起到一定作用。  相似文献   

10.
刘传江  黄桂然  章铭 《技术经济》2013,32(1):101-105,128
估算了1995—2009年期间我国中部六省的碳排放总量、人均碳排放量,从产业、能源消费结构、城乡消费结构的角度,对碳排放结构进行了分析。利用LMDI分解方法将碳排放量的影响因素分解为经济规模、产业结构、能源强度、能源结构以及碳排放系数,分析其具体影响,并进行省际比较。结果表明:1995—2009年期间中部六省的碳排放总量和人均碳排放量均呈增长趋势,且各省的差距较大;从产业结构和能源结构的碳排放情况看,各省的碳排放均来自第二产业和燃煤;经济规模的扩张是碳排放量增加的最主要因素,能源结构变化和碳排放系数变化对碳排放量变化的抑制作用不明显。  相似文献   

11.
John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.  相似文献   

12.
Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?  相似文献   

13.
This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.  相似文献   

15.
中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长  相似文献   

16.
In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.  相似文献   

17.
18.
Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.  相似文献   

19.
Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.  相似文献   

20.
The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO2 in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO2 equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO2 eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO2 emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO2 saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO2 emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.  相似文献   

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