评拉丰、梯若尔著《政府采购与规制中的激励理论》

本文对拉丰与梯若尔教授的著作《政府采购与规制中的激励理论》做了一个简明的述评。该书是新规制经济学方面的代表性著作，新规制经济学是委托-代理理论在政府与受规制企业之间合约关系中的运用。本文主要介绍了三个方面的内容——作者的学术背景、本书的特色以及本书对中国经济改革的意义。     

激励性规制理论的新进展

激励性规制理论(the incentive theory of regulation)又称新规制经济学,是产生于20世纪70年代末、80年代初的一个西方规制经济学分支。它是在内外因交织的影响下直接由“规制中的激励问题”这一主题衍生的。内因是传统规制经济学自身发展面临危机,表现在两个方面:一是传统规制经济学由于忽视信息不对称,设计的最优规制方案在应用于实践时缺乏效率,从而遭到质疑,如回报率规制;二是规制替代理论的“引入竞争替代规制,以根治规制无效率”的主张在实践中陷入困境。     

新规制经济学研究述评

从传统规制经济理论到新规制经济学的发展历程符合经济学发展的逻辑,新规制经济学的研究框架的形成标志着其理论研究走向成熟。新规制经济学的理论进展主要体现在成本补偿和定价问题、特许合约的拍卖机制、对规制关系中动态问题的探讨、对传统规制理论问题的重新解释、产业规制实践中的理论进展五个方面。对新规制经济学进行评述和展望有利于借鉴其分析框架和分析方法对市场经济条件下的政府规制问题作出新的解释,也有助于为转型期中国的产业规制改革提供理论依据和实践参考。     

规制经济学研究范式的演进与变革——基于科学研究纲领的视角

本文从经济哲学的分析方法入手,以拉卡托斯的科学研究纲领为研究视角对规制经济学的研究范式进行梳理,探寻主流经济学对政府规制行为的哲学定位以及规制经济学的核心思想与未来发展前景。规制经济学继承并坚守了新古典经济学的三大硬核:理性选择、稳定的偏好和均衡。通过对不完全信息、交易成本等问题的讨论,经济学家调整了规制经济学研究纲领的保护带,并构建成了完备的理论体系,其成果主要体现为激励理论和契约理论。规制经济学的前沿研究强调有限理性,并使用不完全契约理论分析规制问题。由于有限理性是对规制经济学理性选择这一硬核的巨大挑战,规制经济学的研究范式极有可能发生一次重大变革。这一变革将有助于分析中国社会中广泛存在的不完全契约现象,为解决中国特色社会主义政府与市场的关系问题提供理论依据。     

规制俘获理论跨学科研究进展述评

规制俘获理论是刻画政府规制过程中各利益集团相互行为关系的理论,它将经济学的有关理论及分析方法引入对政府规制目标和效果的研究,从而大大拓展了规制研究的视野。随着规制环境的变化,规制俘获理论研究呈现出跨学科、跨边界、跨层次的趋势,管理学、法学、政治学和社会学与经济学中规制俘获理论的交叉、融合,发展了许多新的研究内容和领域。本文从规制俘获的前因、方式、结果和治理措施等方面对这些领域的理论基础、研究范式和最新进展进行介绍,并结合现有各学科研究的特点与不足,提出为形成科学的理论体系,在未来研究中需要进一步拓展的方向。     

政府规制外部性研究综述

政府规制外部性是政府制定与实施规制政策以弥补市场缺陷的副产品。西方学者对于这一领域的研究主要是从以下两个方面展开的。一是对外部性概念本身进行不断拓展；二是规制经济理论的发展进一步拓宽了规制成本（或收益）的内涵与外延。利益集团理论、委托一代理理论以及新规制经济学等从不同角度分析了政府规制所产生的外部效应。     

反垄断法规制专利权滥用的经济学分析

从经济学的角度,专利权垄断具有双重属性:法定垄断与市场垄断,前者为法律所授予,后者为市场竞争所产生.当专利权滥用产生阻碍或排除竞争的反竞争效果时,就需要反垄断法予以规制.西方经济学诸如新福利经济学垄断理论、熊皮特“创新”垄断理论、新产业组织的垄断理论等都为反垄断法规制专利权滥用提供了经济学支撑.反垄断法规制专利权滥用必须达到对创新的最优激励和对专利权 使用价值的最优发挥.     

新规制经济学理论的发展

对自然垄断产业的规制是关系到社会福利与经济运行效率的一个重要问题。早期的规制经济学大多以给定的规制方式为出发点,研究规制产生的原因,其理论是不系统的,也不能很好地解释和指导规制实践的发展。通过引入博弈论、经济机制设计理论和委托-代理理论,形成了以激励机制设计为主要特征的新规制经济学。     

中国药物经济学学科发展现状

《中国药物经济学学科发展现状》是国内相关学者对药物经济学学科在我国发展现状的系统总结。该文体现了我国药物经济学学科在理论、应用、前沿和学术平台上的最新进展,密切关注学科动态。作者从药物经济学的研究生教育与课程、教材建设与著作、学术交流平台以及学术组织的发展等多个方面进行综述和分析,指出了我们面临的巨大发展机遇和挑战,并提出了促进药物经济学在我国发展的战略措施。     

西方激励性规制理论述评

信息经济学的广泛应用促使现代规制理论的形成取得了长足进展。尤其是Labbont和Tinale(1993)将激励理论(incentivtheavy)和博弈论(gametheav)应用于规制理论分析,使得规制经济学的发展达到了一个新的高峰。与传统的规制理论相比,激励规制理论更侧重于解决由规制者与被规制者之间的信息不对称所引发的逆向选择、道德风险、竞争不足以及设租、寻租问题。     

A MODEL OF BUREAUCRACY AND CORRUPTION*

We analyze bureaucracy and corruption in a market with decentralized exchange and “lemons.” Exchange is modeled as a sequence of bilateral, random matches. Agents have private information about the quality of goods they produce and can supplement trade with socially inefficient bribes. Bureaucracy is modeled as a group of agents who enjoy centralized production and consumption. Transaction patterns between the bureaucracy and the private sector are fully endogenous. Centralized production and consumption in the bureaucracy give rise to low power incentives for the individual bureaucrats. As a result, private agents might bribe bureaucrats, whereas they do not bribe each other. An equilibrium with corruption and an equilibrium without corruption can coexist. We discuss some welfare implications of the model.     

A NEW THEORY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY AND EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE FROM DOMESTIC TRADE

Abstract. In the paper a fixed learning cost is introduced into a framework with consumer-producers and transaction costs. The fixed learning cost yields a rate of return on the investment in individual specific learning and training which is increasing in its rate of utilization. Division of labor can avoid duplicated learning costs and generate economies of specialized learning. The tradeoff between economies of specialization and transaction costs can be used to explain concurrent increases in the extent of the market, aggregate demand, productivity, trade dependence, the degree of market integration, the degree of production concentration, diversity of economic structure, variety of different professions, each person's level of specialization, and the extent of endogenous comparative advantage and the emergence of international trade from domestic trade. This model explains demand and supply as two sides of the level of division of labor which is determined by a transaction cost coefficient. Hence, the demand law may not hold even for normal goods owing to complicated interdependencies between the level of specialization and demand and between the level of specialization and prices of traded goods. The extended version of this model with the CES function is used to endogenize variety of consumption in addition to the endogenization of individuals'level of specialization.     

A POSITIVE AND A NORMATIVE THEORY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION

A positive theory of income distribution based on assumptions concerning the supply of and demand for each type of productive service is presented. The demand function of the organizers of production may be derived from the maximization of profits with the income scale and the production function as restrictions. A normative theory based on the maximization of a social utility or welfare function is also considered. In the normative theory, production functions and balance equations (some representing compartmentalization of factor markets) are introduced as restrictions and again an income scale results, this time maximizing social welfare. Empirical testing is also considered. The positive theory was developed in part to take into consideration the fact that personal income distributions can reasonably well be described by log normal distributions, and that skill parameters are often normally distributed. Limited testing of the influence of wealth, intelligence, education, and sex suggest that these account for only a small part of the variance in the income distribution. This suggests the need for further research.     

A THEORY OF MONEY AND MARKETPLACES*

This article considers an infinitely repeated economy with divisible fiat money. The economy has many marketplaces that agents choose to visit. In each marketplace, agents are randomly matched to trade goods. There exist a variety of stationary equilibria. In some equilibrium, each good is traded at a single price, whereas in another, every good is traded at two different prices. There is a continuum of such equilibria, which differ from each other in price and welfare levels. However, it is shown that only the efficient single‐price equilibrium is evolutionarily stable.     

MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOUR AND A THEORY OF DIVERSIFICATION

This paper investigates the basis for a behavioural theory of diversification. A theory of diversification may be required (i) for full analysis of competitive processes, which include innovation and cross-entry competition, and (ii) to understand the selection of diversification projects in individual firms. Alternative optimising and non-optimising models are feasible. The choice between these alternatives will be considered after the non-optimising model has been developed.
Section I outlines the basic model and the general predictions which it generates. In section II the predictions are subjected to a coarse test, which is taken to justify further investigation of the model's properties. The model is developed more fully in section III.     

农地利用技术创新的类型与模式研究

农地利用技术是一个多层次的体系，它能在扩大耕地面积、提高土地利用率和耕地质量等多方面发挥重要作用。通过对“市场机制自发作用下的技术选择”和“政府引导下的技术选择”两种现实模式的探讨，认为技术创新具有外部性，土地利用更是具有明显的“外溢效应”，加上我国农业比较利益偏低和农地使用权流转市场发育不全带来的农地价格扭曲，常造成市场机制下技术创新的方向与资源稀缺状况不相符合的现象，从而带来资源配置的低效率。因此，适当的政府引导是必要的，也是有效的。     

A MACROECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE OF AFTA'S PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the impressive economic performance of most of its members have increased the weight of the region's views in world fora. However, ASEAN has been unsuccessful in fostering a regional integration arrangement (RIA) leading to an increase in intraregional trade and foreign direct investment. In January 1992, ASEAN launched the Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA) seeking to establish a free trade area (FTA) by 2008.
Market integration increases economic interdependence and thereby raises the need for policy integration and discipline. This paper argues that a number of difficulties that ASEAN faced in promoting intraregional trade are likely to continue to affect AFTA (e.g., low economic complementarity and macroeconomic imbalances requiring large changes in equilibrium real exchange rates). The experience of other RIAs suggests other potential problems.
AFTA's prospects of evolving into deeper forms of sustainable integration are remote. Some cooperation in areas of common interest seems likely.     

湖南省水土资源开发利用与保护对策研究

本文把水土资源作为一个整体,在对湖南省水土资源开发利用现状和存在问题进行科学评价的基础上,提出进一步开发和保护管理水土资源的设想,以促使在区域水土资源开发利用中,能够按照水资源和土地资源系统之间的结构和功能,因地制宜,进行合理匹配与组合,协调水土资源与环境之间的关系,提高水土资源利用效益。