效率与平衡视角下京津冀城市群产业发展水平测度

基于效率和平衡视角,通过纳入结构差异和体量差距构建新的产业发展水平测度方法,以此对京津冀城市群产业发展效率与平衡水平进行评价。测度结果显示：京津冀城市群各城市效率水平差异较大,中心城市北京的效率水平过高导致产业过度聚集。在较长时间内,城市群产业发展平衡水平并无太大变化,但是城市群内城市的竞争压力逐渐向城市群西南方向转移。进一步讨论结果显示：新方法的测度结果是可信的;金融、公共服务等行业在城市群内的分布出现了一定程度的优化,但是制造、教育和文娱等行业却在不断恶化,总体来看,京津冀城市群产业结构有待进一步优化。     

城市公共基础设施系统供给水平评价

城市公共基础设施子系统的相互影响不仅体现在突发事件中,而且体现在基础设施的日常管理中,并对公共基础设施及其资源的整体供给水平产生一定的影响。本文基于城市公共基础设施内部子系统的相互影响,构建公共基础设施系统供给水平评价模型,并综合德尔斐法、网络层次分析法和灰关联分析法对城市公共基础设施系统供给水平进行评价分析。通过分析京津冀、长三角和珠三角地区主要城市的公共基础设施系统供给水平,发现北京和上海的公共基础设施系统供给水平明显高于区域内其他城市。天津的电信系统和苏州的轨道系统、防灾系统能够有效改善相应城市的公共基础设施系统供给水平,促进区域相对均衡发展。     

京津冀地区协同发展：结构评估与演进

京津冀城市群是引领我国经济高质量发展的重要引擎，也是国内国际双循环的主阵地和试验田。围绕京津冀地区协同发展建立综合指标评价体系，计算不同要素对推动京津冀协同发展的权重和在过去一段时间所发挥的作用，进一步探讨京津冀协同发展在现阶段的结构特征和演进趋势。从结构视角研究发现，河北综合协同指数提升较京津更为显著，“千年大计”雄安新区建设，交通、公共服务投入增加激活了河北的区域协同后发优势；天津协同指数呈现细微下降，与天津近年来经济结构升级趋缓、京冀协同联动还有待加强有关。从协同指数结构看，总体上京津冀协同指数都有上升，河北的贡献率最大。京津冀协同发展总体上已经进入演进结构不断优化的发展阶段。     

加快推进京津冀世界级城市群建设--“加快京津冀城市群建设”专家座谈会综述

推进以首都为核心的京津冀世界级城市群建设,是有序疏解北京非首都功能,破解北京大城市病和环首都贫困带难题,促进京津冀区域协调发展和形成新增长极的有效抓手。加快京津冀城市群建设意义重大,有助于疏解北京非首都功能和解决大城市病,有助于形成新增长极和平衡我国南北方布局。京津冀城市群建设的核心问题就是要解决市域之间的边界问题。通过构建合理的城市层级结构,做好环北京周边区域城市建设规划,发挥和创新城市比较优势,加快京津冀城市群建设,彰显每座城市的价值。应把京津石作为京津冀世界级城市群的核心区。加快推进京津冀基础设施一体化和基本公共服务均等化进程,促进京津冀城市群发展。     

首要城市主导产业扩散效应研究：基于京津冀城市群的实证

为拟合京津冀城市群中核心城市的扩散与回流效应，利用2005-2019年京津冀城市群8个城市面板数据，构建以北京、天津为单核心或双核心的城市主导产业对外围城市关联产业以及高产值产业的扩散效应模型，分析得出3个结论：①首都对外围城市的回流效应导致外围城市产业发展低端化，并制约首都高端制造业发挥扩散效应；②首都与区域内中小型城市发展差距大，使第二大城市承接发展转移的中介功能得到提高，并通过与首要城市的连结促进承接发展转移的中介城市产业发展；③回流效应影响主导产业向外关联性拓展，导致外围城市产业发展仍需依托聚集经济，相同产业的大量集聚影响产业多样性，制约产业集群发展。基于此，建议通过提升外围城市公共服务与基础设施水平、加速主导产业升级以及强化第二大城市中介功能，提升城市间产业协作水平。     

京津冀城市群城市职能演变与高质量发展关系研究北大核心

京津冀城市群城市职能的演变会对城市经济、社会、资源环境的发展质量带来深刻的影响。论文通过构建城市高质量发展评价指标体系,采用熵值法AHP进行综合评价,对城市职能规模进行测度,在此基础上运用脱钩指数来测度城市职能演变与城市高质量发展的关系,对城市职能演变与城市经济发展质量、社会发展质量、资源环境质量的关系进行深入分析。结果表明:京津冀城市职能扩大推动了城市高质量发展,不同规模等级城市,城市职能效应存在差异;超大型城市北京和天津职能效应较强,大中城市的工业职能效应较突出;不同行业职能差异大,生产性服务业职能效应在京津突出,京津冀生活性服务业职能效应不显著,而大中城市的公共服务业职能效应突出;京津冀城市群城市职能演变推动了经济、社会高质量发展,而对资源环境高质量发展推动作用有限。     

京津冀城市群生态环境可持续发展的政策评价——基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型北大核心

依据京津冀城市群10年的相关数据指标,结合京津冀城市群实际发展状况,基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型,对京津冀城市群生态环境可持续发展的影响因素及障碍度进行综合评价。通过DPSIR模型分析环境承载力各项指标,并利用TOPSIS法评析生态环境承载力障碍度。结果表明:京津冀城市群生态环境综合评价指标处于向好态势,但维持区域生态环境可持续发展的承载力指标仍有提升空间。通过驱动力指标、压力指标和状态指标的分析,京津冀城市群生态环境可持续发展需要继续走“绿色发展、科技创新、资源节约”之路。要继续增加财政投入力度,并拓宽投融资渠道,进一步缩小京津冀城市群生态文明建设的空间差异化水平,重点发挥北京的辐射带动作用,减少城市间生态环境承载力的极差分化。     

中国三大城市群高速铁路网络结构与特征

构建长三角、珠三角、京津冀城际O-D高铁运营频次矩阵,运用社会网络分析法研究三大城市群高铁网络结构与特征,结果表明:高铁整体关联性京津冀紧密,长三角次之,珠三角松散;然而长三角内部高铁城市联系与高铁网络不均衡性最强;长三角东部比其西部高铁联系密切,珠三角北部强于群内其他区域,京津冀高铁流动频繁区集中在京津;省域内部高铁紧密性:江苏浙江广东河北安徽;城际视角,深圳—广州、上海—南京、上海—苏州、南京—苏州、上海—无锡属于点对点间高密度联系。三大城市群高铁网络均具有显著的"小世界"效应特征,京津冀与长三角的"小世界"效应更明显,其中合肥—苏州—镇江—南京—无锡—六安为长三角重要辐射集群,广州—惠州、深圳—东莞、天津—沧州为重要辐射力的高铁城市对,上海、南京为长三角高铁网络核心,广州与深圳为珠三角核心,北京与天津为京津冀核心。     

京津冀协同发展社会学理论研讨会综述

京津冀协同发展社会学理论研讨会在河北省保定市隆重召开.来自北京、天津、辽宁、河北等地的专家学者围绕京津冀产业对接升级、功能城市、京津冀地区反贫困、京津冀环境协同治理、京津冀地区文化认同以及公共服务等主题展开研讨.     

基于数据包络(DEA)分析的京津冀地区环境绩效评估研究

提高资源环境绩效是区域生态环境治理的核心与关键。在构建环境绩效评估指标体系的基础上，运用数据包络分析模型（DEA）测度并分析2005-2015年京津冀地区静态环境绩效水平。利用Malmquist指数动态分析法将环境绩效分解为技术效率变化指数和技术进步指数，并探讨分解指标对环境绩效的相对贡献。结果显示：京津冀地区环境治理投入与产出水平均呈现逐年上升趋势；北京和天津的总体环境绩效水平要远高于河北，2005-2011年京津冀地区的环境绩效水平排序为北京、天津、河北,2012-2015年京津冀地区的环境绩效水平排序为天津、北京、河北（2013年除外）。河北省环境绩效水平较低的主要制约因素是技术进步缓慢与全要素生产率偏低。Malmquist指数呈现出一定的波性，这主要是由技术变化指标波动所致。最后，就如何提升京津冀地区环境绩效水平，提出相关对策建议。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

Types of technology

Technology is a concept rife with confusion. Here, I argue that technologies can be distinguished as a combination of type of producer and an idealized artefact life history. Using this definition, a number of technologies are identified. The first technology historically, in the Protostomes, was the production of individual or family dwellings. Next came objects such as spider webs for trapping prey. Stigmergy followed, with the social insects, as a collective endeavour to construct a mega-structure using simple rules of accretion. Some birds and primates began to make tools, or simple technological objects whose function is closely related to their form. Humans are distinguished by their ability to make machines. Traditional technology took place once people voluntarily organised into groups with specialised knowledge to produce more complex objects and structures. Monumental objects like ceremonial pyramids came with the command economies of the early agrarian societies, which also resulted in a new category of artefact, the network. Finally, with modern civilizations came ad hoc accretion, or population-level adding-on, to make truly complex technological systems. Developing a theoretical framework within which artefacts, production processes and ways of interacting with them are identified should help the study of technology to become more scientific.