企业战略与组织结构的有效结合

企业战略对组织结构起决定性作用 ,而组织结构对企业战略的顺利实施也有着重大的影响 ,只有将二者有效地结合才能促进企业的发展。如何将企业战略与组织结构进行有效结合是许多企业面临的十分严峻的问题。文章从企业战略与组织结构的基本关系着手 ,探讨了二者有效结合的措施。     

当前我国非营利组织实施战略管理面临的问题与对策分析

随着市场经济改革和经济全球化趋势的加快 ,我国非营利组织在发展过程中正面临诸多的机遇与挑战 ,众多的非营利组织越来越迫切的感觉到实施战略管理的必要。本文在充分分析非营利组织特殊性的基础上 ,为我国非营利组织实施战略管理提出了相应的有益建议。     

WTO与温州民营企业的战略定位

在新的世纪里 ,随着中国加入 WTO,温州民营企业所面临的竞争环境会发生一定的变化 ,为此 ,企业应当根据环境的变化和自身条件 ,对自己进行合理的战略定位。其中最主要的就是在组织定位上 ,要积极向现代型的产业组织转型 ;在市场定位上 ,要采取错位策略 ,避免合成推理谬误 ;在管理定位上 ,要在发挥家族制企业的优势基础上 ,引入现代管理理念和方式。同时 ,要根据战略定位 ,及时调整企业的发展策略。     

连锁企业经营战略管理探讨

连锁企业具有地域分布广、经营形式多样等特征,在经营战略实施过程中必然会面临更加复杂的环境,这就要求强化战略管理,推动战略的落实。     

主体影响与企业战略变化的关系研究

不同主体影响下企业战略变化存在差异。政府、股东、经营者三种利益主体在企业决策中影响力的不同将会导致企业组织行为特征的差异 ,从而影响到企业战略变化决策的制定和执行 ,最终会对战略变化速度和幅度产生显著的影响     

动态能力与战略人力资源管理的关系

随着全球金融危机的不断蔓延,企业的发展面临着严峻的挑战,组织动态能力以能更好地适应动荡的环境成为关注的重点。处于动态竞争环境的企业,需要不断地进行企业战略调整及战略人力资源管理,增强企业的动态能力,才能处于不败之地。本文主要分析了动态能力与战略人力资源的关系,以及在动态的环境下,战略人力资源应该怎样配合企业的总体战略,提升企业竞争力。     

战略决定结构 还是结构决定战略——兼评联想集团的战略与结构关系

战略决策的制定与执行往往涉及多方面的力量,需要很好地加以组织,才能形成有效的分工协作系统。早期的战略管理组织研究,主要围绕战略执行环节探讨结构如何跟随战略变化,但现实企业界不仅存在战略决定结构的关系,也存在着结构对战略的反向影响作用。因此,辩证地看待和妥善处理战略与结构的关系,成为战略管理组织研究中的一个重要课题。     

经济学术会议信息

<正>"转型国家经济发展战略及其与中国的合作"学术会议征文通知2008年以来,金融危机对转型国家的经济发展和转型带来了新的挑战,国家经济发展战略调整和定位问题成为这些国家新的战略抉择问题。2012年是俄罗斯的总统选举年,其他一些转型国家也面临着领导人更迭。转型国家特别是俄罗斯的国家经济发展战略是否会出现新的调整?这种调整将会带来怎样     

继任CEO知性特质对组织战略变革的二元性影响——薪酬与股权激励的调节作用北大核心

在复杂多变的竞争环境中,战略变革是企业组织实现可持续发展的必然选择。以高阶梯队理论为指导,学术界涌现了大量基于CEO特质视角探索组织战略变革路径的研究成果。针对碎片化研究成果的不足,在整合与发展知性管理和组织二元性理论基础上,构建新的理论框架,系统探究了继任CEO知性特质对组织战略变革的二元性影响以及薪酬与股权激励的调节效应。以86家上市公司为样本,采用多元Logistic回归分析方法,检验了关于直接效应与调节效应的研究假设。研究发现:继任CEO的文化知识和开放性人格会正向促进战略变革,而CEO外聘高管经历和尽责性人格会对组织战略变革产生显著抑制作用,CEO的组织内高管经历和宜人性人格的影响不显著。此外,公司对CEO的薪酬激励和股权激励能诱发组织战略变革,强化CEO部分知性特质对组织战略变革的影响,且股权激励的影响比薪酬激励更显著。     

东北地区制造业战略转型与管理创新

我国制造业正面临来自发达经济体的高端挤压与新兴国家的低端挤压。要解决制造业的"双端挤压"问题,应积极推动东北地区制造业战略转型,具体以提高产品复杂性能力作为产品战略转型方向,以制造业信息化和服务化作为产业战略转型方向。同时,促进生产管理、人力资源管理、营销管理、战略管理、组织管理创新及制度创新,尝试在东北建立全面深化国有企业改革综合试验区。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.