发展中国家的资本账户开放与货币危机实证研究

本文采用1985-1999年泰国、印度、印度尼西亚、韩国、马来西亚和菲律宾的季度数据,选取几个重要指标,运用面板数据的方法,从货币危机的视角进行了实证研究,认为发展中国家的资本账户开放有引发货币危机的可能,但是这种可能性与一国的经济基础条件关系密切,因此,为了避免和缓解发生货币危机的风险,发展中国家应在实现内外均衡和深化金融改革的前提下开放资本账户.     

资本流动控制可以抑制货币危机吗?——基于Panel Logit模型的实证分析

本文以1980-2005年间15个亚洲国家数据为样本,建立了两组Pallel Logait模型,对资本流动控制能否抑制货币危机进行了实证研究.结果发现:当期的资本流动控制不能有效地抑制货币危机的发生,但前一期的资本流动控制却可以显著减小货币危机发生的概率.当期他国的货币危机有显著的传染效应.经济基本面对减缓一国货币危机的发生是至关重要的,避免货币危机的根本方法仍是保持经济基本面的良好运行.     

市场非均衡与中国资本账户开放风险

文章结合中国市场特点,利用货币市场均衡和估值效应的理论模型,研究了资本账户开放可能带来的风险.文章认为,国际收支不平衡是货币危机的基础,而估值效应加剧了这种不平衡、增大了危机爆发的可能性.因此,在维持国际资本账户基本平衡的基础上稳定汇率,是资本账户开放后更可行的政策目标.当国际收支大体平衡且国内货币调控深度足够时,以利率调节为手段的货币通胀目标便易于实现,从而有利于达到国内外市场均衡.     

资本账户开放对金融风险的影响——资本流向视角的分析北大核心SSCI

资本账户开放与资本自由流动紧密相联。回顾历次金融危机与风险事件,其均伴随跨境资本大量流入流出。资本账户开放下的金融风险可归结于货币危机风险与银行风险。实证结果显示：资本流向对上述风险均有显著影响,具体来看,直接投资流出、证券投资流入均加剧了货币危机风险与银行风险。因此,除保持较高速经济增长水平、提高本国贸易开放程度之外,需要关注美国利率走势及其对本国货币危机风险的影响,同时应加大对资本流向的跟踪与分析力度。     

中国资本管制有效性动态研究:1982-2008

文章综合利用储蓄一投资相关性检验法、Edwayds-Kahn模型法、资本管制强度测度以及抵补利率平价4种方法分别从实体经济、货币经济、法律框架以及短期资本套利动机等角度对1982-2008年期间我国资本管制的有效性进行了评估,并侧重讨论了现阶段我国资本管制是否失效的问题.研究结论显示:自1982年以来,我国的资本管制政策短期内基本有效,但随着国内经济的进一步开放和管制政策的逐步放开,资本流动性逐渐提高,资本管制的有效性呈下降趋势;2007年以来虽然存在大量短期资本流入流出的现象,但我国的资本管制仍然对国际资本流动具有明显的抑制作用.     

资本账户开放下的金融风险分析

资本账户开放使资本在国与国之间自由流动，为国际投机资本的流入和流出打开了方便之门，也给发展中国家带来了金融风险。资本账户开放程度越高，金融风险也越大。然而，资本账户所带来的不断增大的金融风险与一国金融制度的不完善，会导致金融危机的爆发。中国的资本账户开放进程中，应加强制度建设以满足中国资本账户开放的长期需要，短期内可以放松对境外投资的管制，减轻资本净流入对人民币汇率和货币供应的压力，化解金融风险。     

人民币资本账户管制政策的强度与有效性

本文对人民币资本账户管制的政策强度和有效性进行实证评测,以综合评价当前人民币资本账户的实际开放状况.结果显示,我国资本账户的实际开放水平较高,管制政策在限制资本交易和流动方面的强度有所下降,但仍能有效发挥宏观稳定功能.结果的时变特征显示出,政府在资本管制领域更重视政策的宏观调控作用,选择更市场化的方式对待资本流动规模的变化,这有利于加快资本账户开放的改革进程.     

资本管制与人民币汇率动态调整

本文构建了开放条件下切合中国实际的一般均衡模型,分析资本管制对人民币汇率超(低)调动态演变的影响。理论研究指出,当资本管制程度高于阈值时,中国的货币扩张将导致人民币汇率出现低调;当资本管制程度低于阈值时,人民币汇率会超调。经济结构参数决定了汇率超调或低调的程度和持续性,资本管制力度对汇率动态的影响存在不对称性。随后本文测算出了中国的资本管制程度和人民币汇率超(低)调的程度,对理论模型的预测结论进行实证检验,发现人民币汇率在升值趋势中低调,但在贬值趋势中超调。深入分析在资本管制下人民币汇率动态的多样性,有助于为中国的资本账户开放和人民币汇改之间的良性互动提供理论支撑。     

关税冲击下人民币国际化的宏观经济影响——基于汇率管理和资本管制视角

本文通过建立引入中间品生产贸易、出口品定价方式变动、资本不完全流动以及冲销干预的开放新凯恩斯模型,在外国进口关税冲击环境中,在不同程度的汇率管理和资本管制下,研究人民币国际化对中国经济和社会福利的差异性影响.结果表明:(1)货币国际化通过提高出口品本币定价比例,降低了因外国关税冲击导致的本国经济波动和福利损失;(2)在货币国际化进程中,逐步放松汇率管理和资本管制能够提升货币国际化对本国经济的改善效果;(3)随着汇率管理的不断放松,相较于最终品,出口中间品本币定价比例提升对本国经济的改善效果更显著.因此在不确定性增加的全球贸易环境中,应坚持推进人民币国际化,同时不断深化人民币汇率形成机制,逐步放松汇率管理和资本管制,并重视出口中间品人民币结算比例的提升.     

资本账户开放与国际金融冲击的传导*——基于DSGE模型的分析

本文在动态随机一般均衡的框架下，建立了一个包括贸易部门和非贸易部门的小型开放经济模型，系统研究和比较资本管制与资本账户开放两种情况下，国外金融冲击、出口需求冲击对中国经济的不同影响和传导机制，并检验资本账户开放情形下应对国际冲击时不同货币政策规则的有效性。结果发现：当资本账户开放时，一国受到国外冲击的波动幅度远大于资本管制的情况；资本管制和资本账户开放对国际金融冲击传导机制的关键差异在于贸易部门与非贸易部门的互动关系，具体表现为劳动力转移的差异；在资本账户开放后，面对不同形式的国际冲击，货币数量型规则和混合型规则均能有效熨平经济波动。     

The illusive quest: Do international capital controls contribute to currency stability?

We investigate the effectiveness of capital controls in insulating economies from currency crises, focusing in particular on both direct and indirect effects of capital controls and how these relationships may have changed over time in response to global financial liberalization and the greater mobility of international capital. We predict the likelihood of currency crises using standard macroeconomic variables and a probit equation estimation methodology with random effects. We employ a comprehensive panel data set comprised of 69 emerging market and developing economies over 1975–2004. Both standard and duration-adjusted measures of capital control intensity (allowing controls to “depreciate” over time) suggest that capital controls have not effectively insulated economies from currency crises at any time during our sample period. Maintaining real GDP growth and limiting real overvaluation are critical factors preventing currency crises, not capital controls. However, the presence of capital controls greatly increases the sensitivity of currency crises to changes in real GDP growth and real exchange rate overvaluation, making countries more vulnerable to changes in fundamentals. Our model suggests that emerging markets weathered the 2007–2008 crisis relatively well because of strong output growth and exchange rate flexibility that limited overvaluation of their currencies.     

Extracting shadow exchange rates and foreign exchange premia during currency crises: an example from Egypt

We utilize high-frequency data and a novel synchronous trade-matching algorithm to show that shadow exchange rates could be estimated from price spreads between depositary receipts and their underlying local stocks using an example of the recent Egyptian currency crisis. These shadow rates reflect the local black market foreign exchange rates in addition to a foreign exchange premium, which we attribute to the cost of expatriating capital during currency and capital control periods.     

Early Warning for Currency Crises: What Is the Role of Financial Openness?

The paper explores whether financial openness—capital account openness and gross capital inflows—makes countries vulnerable to currency crises. A quarterly dataset on 46 advanced and emerging market economies (AEs and EMEs) during 1975Q1–2011Q4 is used, with the period after Q2 2007 used for out‐of‐sample testing. The key findings are: (1) capital account openness is associated with lower probability of currency crises, but less so for EMEs; (2) surges in gross capital flows are associated with increased risk of currency crises; and (3) the model performs well out‐of‐sample, confirming that early warning models are helpful in judging relative vulnerability.     

马克思关于金融问题的论述

货币的产生是人类经济发展的重要标志,也是商品经济的重要发展.从理论上讲,商品决定货币,但是在实际中是货币决定商品;货币出现以后,可以作为储藏手段和支付手段,人们把货币作为追求的目的;有了货币以后就出现了货币崇拜;货币出现后,财产转移方便了.货币的出现给资本的出现创造了条件,资本是能够带来剩余价值的货币.货币有其产生、普遍化、充分发展和消亡的过程.     

Endogenous inflows of speculative capital and the optimal currency appreciation path

Abstract This paper examines the optimal appreciation path of an undervalued currency in the presence of speculative capital inflows that are endogenously affected by the appreciation path. A central bank decides its appreciation policy based on three costs: (i) misalignment costs associated with the gap between the actual and long‐run equilibrium exchange rates, (ii) short‐term adjustment costs due to resource reallocation, and (iii) capital losses due to speculative capital inflows. Our model finds (1) when speculators face no liquidity shocks, the central bank tends to appreciate the currency quickly to discourage speculative capital; (2) when speculators face liquidity shocks, the central bank optimally pre‐commits to a slower appreciation path, and the appreciation takes the longest time when the probability of liquidity shocks takes intermediate values; (3) the central bank tends to appreciate the currency more quickly when it conducts discretionary policy.     

资金供求影响社会经济运行的经济学分析

资金供求对社会经济运行的整体格局及其效果有着十分重要的影响。就资金供求与货币供求的关系而言，资金供求均衡是货币供求均衡赖以形成的基础。资金运行除了具有货币运行的效应外，还通过生产过程对价值增殖发挥着不可替代的作用。资金供求均衡是货币供求均衡的核心。资金供求和商品供求密切相关，任何一方的失衡都将使另一方的均衡变得十分困难，但资金供求均衡是商品供求均衡的先决条件。实现资金供求的均衡，是实现社会总供给与总需求均衡的重要保证。     

论用人力资本所有者产权主导中国国有企业改革

我国国有企业的改革,仍然遵循着"谁投资,谁所有,谁受益"的货币资本产权原则,不能科学地体现中国国有企业的设立宗旨和特定功能,也不能科学地建立国有企业的治理结构。现实需要我们用人力资本产权原则替代货币资本的产权原则主导国有企业的下一步改革,用人力资本产权原则确定全体人民的国有资产所有权。     

Currency crises and the stock market: empirical evidence for another type of twin crisis

We explore the dependency between currency crises and the stock market in emerging economies. Our focus is two-fold. First, the risk of a currency crisis rises as the foreign stake in the domestic stock market increases. Successful economies with high capital flows into their booming stock markets especially are prone to stock market-induced currency crises. Second, we apply the dividend growth model to show that stock markets crash in the run-up to a currency crisis. This new type of twin crisis is empirically tested by employing a logit framework using quarterly data for 33 emerging economies for 1994Q1–2007Q4.     

Capital Inflows,Exchange Rate Flexibility and Credit Booms

Historically, capital flow bonanzas have often fueled sharp credit expansions in advanced and emerging market economies alike. Focusing primarily on emerging markets, this paper analyzes the impact of exchange rate flexibility on credit markets during periods of large capital inflows. It is shown that bank credit is larger and its composition tilts to foreign currency in economies with less flexible exchange rate regimes, and that these results are not explained entirely by the fact that the latter attract more capital inflows than economies with more flexible regimes. The findings thus suggest countries with less flexible exchange rate regimes may stand to benefit the most from regulatory policies that reduce banks' incentives to tap external markets and to lend/borrow in foreign currency; these policies include marginal reserve requirements on foreign lending, currency‐dependent liquidity requirements and higher capital requirement and/or dynamic provisioning on foreign exchange loans.     

Is energy consumption sensitive to foreign capital inflows and currency devaluation in Pakistan?

This study investigates the relationship between foreign capital inflows and energy consumption by incorporating economic growth, exports and currency devaluation in energy demand function for the case of Pakistan. The long-run and short-run effects are examined via ARDL bounds testing procedure. Foreign capital inflows and currency devaluation (economic growth and exports) decrease (increase) energy consumption in long-run. The results confirm a feedback effect between foreign capital inflows and energy consumption. These findings would be helpful to policy makers in designing comprehensive economic and energy policies for utilizing foreign capital inflows as a tool for optimal use of energy sources to enhance economic development in long run.