考虑空间效应的中国肉牛生产区域集聚及成因

基于新经济地理学理论,运用空间计量经济方法,对中国肉牛生产区域布局的变动及其成因进行实证分析。结果表明:中国肉牛生产区域呈明显的空间集聚特征;2000年以来,肉牛生产地区逐步从非农就业机会较多的中原等区域向饲草资源丰富、经济发展水平较低的东北地区、西北地区和西南地区转移。进一步研究其成因,结果表明:资源条件、经济环境、技术因素和空间互动效应对肉牛生产的区域集聚有不同程度的影响,其中技术、空间误差自相关性、农业劳动力数量、草地面积和粮食产量对中国肉牛生产的区域集聚具有明显的正向影响,而非农就业机会则具有明显的负向影响。     

劳动力自由迁移为何如此重要?——基于代际收入流动的视角

未考虑人口迁移影响的代际收入弹性估计存在偏误。本文将人口迁移与区域特性纳入代际收入弹性估计方程,并运用迁移概率作为局部工具变量进行估计,发现迁移者的代际收入弹性不到未迁移者的一半。而当前我国代际收入流动的主要问题在于部分人群面临"代际低收入传承陷阱",他们可以通过迁移从而增加就业机会等方式摆脱这一陷阱,这至少可以使一代人免受代际低收入传承的困扰。进一步分析迁移对代际收入传递路径的影响,结果表明教育在可识别的代际收入传递路径中贡献最大,而迁移强化了这一影响。鉴于人口迁移对代际收入流动的重要影响,政府部门有必要进一步采取措施降低劳动力自由迁移的障碍,并合理分配教育资源,以增进社会公平程度。     

高速公路变迁对农村劳动力非农就业的影响研究

笔者使用农村村级和农户层面微观调查面板数据,分析了样本村高速公路通达性的变迁及其对农村劳动力非农就业参与的影响。统计性描述分析表明样本村离最近高速公路的距离显著变小,同期,我国农村劳动力非农就业率也有显著增长,两者之间存在显著的正相关性。农村劳动力非农就业参与有低龄化趋势;农村青壮年、男性劳动力非农就业参与率较高;教育和专业技术培训能显著提高农村劳动力非农就业的机会。面板数据固定效应模型分析结果进一步验证了农村高速公路通达性的改善对农村劳动力非农就业有显著促进作用。     

代际间的职业流动与收入流动——来自中国城乡家庭的经验研究

本文通过对中国城乡家庭代际间的职业流动与收入流动进行实证研究,得出以下结论:(1)城镇家庭子女的职业随其职业生涯的发展有向父辈职业"回归"的趋势,而农村家庭中父代从事非农职业有助于子女实现职业的向上流动。(2)子女受教育程度的提高有利于代际间职业的向上流动,但其父辈的社会经济特征也对代际间的职业传承和流动有显著的影响。(3)代际之间职业的传承在一定程度上阻碍了代际间的收入流动,代际职业传承对高收入家庭的代际收入弹性影响更强。     

数字普惠金融发展能促进代际收入流动吗？

数字普惠金融的快速发展已经成为促进经济高质量发展和推动共同富裕的新契机。本文采用2014年、2016年和2018年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）三轮调查数据，以及2012年北京大学数字普惠金融指数相关数据，运用门槛模型实证分析了数字普惠金融对代际收入流动影响的门槛效应，并运用OLS模型实证检验了数字普惠金融对代际收入流动的影响及作用机制。研究发现，数字普惠金融对代际收入流动的影响具有门槛效应。在未达到门槛值时，数字普惠金融的发展不利于代际收入流动；在超过门槛值后，数字普惠金融对代际收入流动具有促进作用。机制分析表明，初期阶段数字普惠金融受限于数字鸿沟，增大了代际收入关联性，不利于代际收入流动。异质性分析表明，数字普惠金融对低收入家庭、农业家庭、低受教育水平家庭和西部地区的代际收入流动产生不利影响。本文的研究为数字普惠金融发展政策的制定提供了决策参考，为促进代际收入流动和推动共同富裕提供了微观证据。     

健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响

利用 1 993年中国营养调查数据 ,本文探讨了中国农村地区健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响 ,并试图从微观层面揭示中国农村地区健康与收入之间的关系。本文的主要发现是 ,对于劳动参与及非农就业机会 ,健康状况都有显著的影响 ;然而在传统的种植业领域 ,健康并不是劳动参与的决定性因素 ;同时 ,在农村的非农就业者中 ,健康并不是劳动力市场表现的重要因素。尽管如此 ,由于非农就业机会对家庭收入的重要作用 ,我们仍不难发现健康在获取非农就业收入乃至增加家庭收入方面的作用     

中国生猪生产布局变迁的经济学分析

基于2000—2014年省级面板数据,运用生产集中度和区域重心分析法综合考察生猪生产布局变迁轨迹和特征,从空间效应的角度,采用空间计量经济模型实证分析生猪生产布局变迁的经济学成因。研究表明,生猪生产区域呈现出向东向北移动的演变趋势;地区间生猪生产具有空间相关性,生猪产业存在空间集聚现象;资源禀赋、技术水平、交通通达性的直接效应对生猪生产起到促进作用,相邻地区和本地区的劳动力教育水平和价格预期共同影响本地区生猪生产,畜牧业比较优势的挤出效应因非农就业机会的间接效应得到缓解,环境规制对本地区生猪生产有抑制作用。     

信任的代际传递与青少年社会信任

基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2012年、2014年和2016年的面板数据,本文使用固定效应回归,考察了13～20岁青少年社会信任态度的代际传递效应.研究发现:信任态度的代际传递效应显著存在,且整体上母亲的影响略大于父亲;不同群体的代际传递效应不同,青少年更容易受到同性别父母的影响,小学及以下的青少年的代际传递效应更强;父母信任的社会态度与较不信任的态度相比更可能发生代际传递,但父母信任态度不一致可能削弱这种效应;孩子对父母的信任程度可能影响到母亲信任的代际传递效应,12岁以前离开出生环境的经历可能大大增强信任的代际传递效应.     

代际流动、教育收益与机会平等——基于微观调查数据的研究

本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2011年全国基线调查数据,探讨了中国代际收入流动性及其作用机制。当前中国代际收入弹性在各年龄阶段人群中呈现U型曲线特点,90年代出生的居民面临的代际收入弹性较高,即代际流动性较低。运用阶层线性模型分析了代际间的交互作用机制:父代的收入水平和工作性质会通过影响子代个体特征变量的边际系数对子女的收入产生间接影响。教育是打破阶层固化的重要途径,但实证分析表明,父代的职业对子女的教育收益率存在显著影响,机会的不平等阻碍了代际流动。因此,政策改革应当保障教育机会和就业机会的平等,从而推动社会代际收入流动,促进收入分配结构合理化。     

农村劳动力非农就业工资决定的代际差异研究

本文基于中国家庭健康与营养调查（CHNS）2006年的成人调查数据,对农村劳动力非农就业工资决定影响因素的代际差异进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：年龄、受教育年限、性别、是否为家庭农业主要负责人等变量对第一代农村劳动力非农就业参与的概率有着显著的影响,而对于新生代农村劳动力,其参与非农就业的概率只与反映人力资本水平的受教育年限变量显著相关。非农就业经验对第一代农村劳动力非农就业工资性收入存在负影响,对于新生代农村劳动力,受教育年限对工资性收入的影响显著为正,且工资性收入存在性别上的差异。     

Social mobility and inequality in urban China: understanding the role of intergenerational transmission of education

China’s rapid economic growth since the late 1980s has been accompanied by great economic and social transformations, which have resulted in a sharp increase in income inequality. This article contributes to the literature of social mobility in China by examining the impact of parental education on the education of their children. Using the 1990 and 2000 Chinese Population Censuses, we employ nonparametric estimation strategies to provide a systematic investigation of intergenerational transmission of education in urban China. We find evidence of increasing parents–children educational correlations. Our results raise concerns regarding economic inequality in urban China as high intergenerational persistence of education is expected to be a barrier to equal opportunities in children’s education attainments and their future labour market outcomes.     

Trade liberalization,the exchange rate and job flows in Brazil

Brazil underwent a large trade liberalization process in the 1990s. Over the period, manufacturing employment decreased significantly, generating public debate on the need to revert liberalization. This paper aims to identify the actual effect of trade liberalization on employment, separating it from exchange rate movements using a gross job flow approach. Our novel dataset covers all sectors and formally registered enterprises, and we use new sector specific exchange rate data. Our estimates suggest that greater openness reduce jobs through increased job destruction, with no effect on job creation, but the exchange rate matters also. Depreciations expand the number of jobs in manufacturing by increasing creation, with no effect on destruction.     

Intergenerational Earnings Mobility Revisited: Estimates Based on Lifetime Earnings*

Using Norwegian intergenerational data, which include a substantial part of the life‐cycle earnings for children and almost the entire life‐cycle earnings for their fathers, we present new estimates of intergenerational mobility. Extending the length of fathers’ earnings window from 5 to 25 years increases estimated elasticities. Increasing the age at which fathers’ earnings are observed has the opposite effect. Biases in the estimated elasticities are related to both transitory earnings variation and life‐cycle measurement error; the former appear to be more important than the latter. Estimation bias stemming from persistence in transitory innovations plays only a minor role. Our findings indicate that intergenerational earnings mobility in Norway might have been strongly overstated in many earlier studies with shorter earnings histories. Some of our new estimates are twice as large as earlier estimates.     

Intergenerational Correlations of Extreme Right‐Wing Party Preferences and Attitudes toward Immigration

In this paper, we analyze the importance of parental socialization on the development of children's far right‐wing preferences and attitudes toward immigration. Using longitudinal data from Germany, our intergenerational estimates suggest that the strongest and most important predictor for young people's right‐wing extremism are their parents' right‐wing extremist attitudes. While intergenerational associations in attitudes toward immigration are equally high for sons and daughters, we find a positive intergenerational transmission of right‐wing extremist party affinity for sons, but not for daughters. Compared to the intergenerational correlation of other party affinities, the high association between fathers' and sons' right‐wing extremist attitudes is particularly striking.     

Intergenerational Welfare Participation in New Zealand

New Zealand panel data, which provide extensive information on the benefit histories of parents and their children, are used to estimate an intergenerational correlation coefficient in social welfare dependency. Recent estimation techniques for addressing issues of measurement error are applied to this analysis. The long-term benefit histories of parents and instrumental variable techniques provide useful lower and upper-bound estimates of the true intergenerational correlation. Our results suggest that the true correlation coefficient between the welfare participation of parents and their offspring is somewhere between one-third and two-thirds, but probably much closer to the lower limit in this range. Approximately one-quarter of this effect appears to operate through the lower educational attainment of children reared in families receiving social welfare benefits.     

A New Look at Intergenerational Mobility in Germany Compared to the U.S

Motivated by contradictory evidence on intergenerational mobility in Germany, I present a cross‐country comparison of Germany and the U.S., reassessing the question of whether intergenerational mobility is higher in Germany than in the U.S. I can reproduce the standard result from the literature, which states that the German intergenerational elasticity estimates are lower than those for the U.S. However, based on highly comparable data, even a reasonable degree of variation in the sampling rules leads to similar estimates in both countries. I find no evidence for non‐linearities along the fathers' earnings distribution. In contrast, the analysis shows that mobility is higher for the sons at the lowest quartile of the sons' earnings distribution in both countries. In Germany this result is mainly driven by a high downward mobility of sons with fathers in the upper middle part of the earnings distribution. The corresponding pattern is clearly less pronounced in the U.S.     

Changes in job security and their causes: An empirical analysis for France, 1982-2002

In this paper, we analyze the changes in the risks of involuntary job loss in France between 1982 and 2002. We find that these risks are higher in the 1990s than they were in the 1980s. We develop an econometric analysis to separate the effects of institutional changes from the effects of new technologies. Our estimates show that the rise in job loss rates is significantly more pronounced in industries that have the largest share of R&D workers and the largest rate of new technologies’ users. These findings suggest that technological changes contribute to decreasing the incentive to keep workers for long period of time and to increasing job insecurity.     

Better LATE? Instrumental Variables Estimation of the Returns to Job Mobility during Transition

Recent theoretical contributions to the problem of job mobility decisions during the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy suggest that individuals self-select into specific forms of job mobility behaviour on the basis of their unobservable characteristics. In this case, standard results from both simple treatment–control comparisons of average income and from OLS regressions of reduced-form earnings equations do generally not identify any causal effect of job mobility on income. This paper addresses the endogeneity problem related to job mobility in a quasi-experimental framework and estimates the returns to (early) job mobility in the Eastern German transition process for the period 1990–96. Identification is based on instrumental variables estimation. Two instruments are suggested that account for some of the variation in the job mobility behaviour throughout transition. They allow further for a natural distinction between forced and voluntary movers on the basis of the local average treatment effect (LATE) interpretation of IV estimates. Estimation results contrast strongly with results from both simple treatment–control comparisons and simple OLS estimation. They suggest negative returns to forced job mobility as opposed to positive returns to voluntary job mobility early in transition, thus stressing the existence of heterogeneous returns to job mobility.     

Intergenerational wealth transmission in Great Britain

We document the intergenerational wealth transmission between adult offspring and their parent's using the Wealth and Assets Survey for Great Britain. We estimate an intergenerational wealth elasticity of 0.4 and Rank-Rank elasticity of 0.3 and find intergenerational wealth transmission for individuals in their 60s is lower than for those currently aged in their 30s and early 40s, though rank based estimates are stable. Our estimation results imply that the intergenerational wealth elasticity is 3.8 percentage points higher when comparing people with those the same age 6 years previously suggesting strong evidence of higher intergenerational wealth persistence in younger age cohorts. Taken together, the findings have important implications for future wealth inequalities and must be addressed.     

Intergenerational Wealth Elasticity in Japan

This study estimates the intergenerational wealth elasticity using original Japanese survey data and assesses factors explaining the intergenerational wealth elasticity, such as income, educational level, bequests and preferences. The age‐adjusted elasticity of child wealth with respect to parental wealth ranges from 0.266 to 0.367, and transition matrices indicate that the intergenerational transmission of wealth persists more strongly in the tails of the distributions. The correlation between parent and child wealth mainly stems from income, education and bequests, which jointly constitute 63.9% of the wealth elasticity.