中国工业R＆D产出弹性测算（1993—2002）

本文运用1993-2002年中国大中型工业企业的行业面板数据对R＆D产出弹性进行了测算。在扩展的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数基础上,在估算各工业R＆D资本存量、校正R＆D双重计算问题后,通过混合OLS、固定效应法和一阶差分法等不同的估计方法进行估计,本文发现中国大中型工业企业的R＆D产出弹性约为0．1—0．3。研究还发现,R＆D产出弹性还取决于技术机会、企业规模、产权结构等特定的约束条件;技术水平较高、企业规模较大、国有产权比重较低的产业中,R＆D产出弹性较大;而在国有产权比重较高的产业中,R＆D对生产率没有促进作用。     

如何构建有效的中小企业成本控制方法体系

成本控制是各个企业适应市场环境、提高效益、永续经营的必要手段。但是对于一些中小企业而言,由于企业规模小、人员素质低、企业生产技术含量低等各方面的原因,其成本控制还存在一定的问题。如何解决这些问题,提升中小企业经营管理的水平,就成为需要我们关注的问题。     

我国广播影视业上市公司规模经济效应研究

广播影视企业是否存在规模经济效应直接反映了公司资源利用效率以及整体经营状况,基于16家广播影视业上市公司财务数据,建立超越对数生产函数模型,通过计算规模弹性系数判断广播影视企业是否存在规模经济效应。研究表明:现阶段我国广播影视业上市公司的经营均不存在规模经济效应,资产规模与规模收益弹性之间有极强的正相关性。     

浅谈经济新常态下我国人力资源成本管理

本文首先对经济新常态、人力资源成本管理以及经济新常态下我国人力资源成本管理的发展因素进行了概述,然后分析了经济新常态下我国人力资源成本缺乏合理性、弹性工作制的贯彻落实不到位等问题,最后提出了经济新常态下我国人力资源成本管理的策略:优化人力资源成本、健全和完善人力资源成本管理机制.     

林业规模经济的非线性均衡分析研究

本文将林业规模经济分为两类,即林业经济效益的规模经济和林业三大效益的规模经济。在分析林业经济效益的规模经济时,引入了成本变量,简要说明了林业经营成本与林业经济效益成反向变动关系。在分析林业三大效益的规模经济问题时,运用非线性均衡分析方法,并通过建立模型论证了林业三大效益达到最大化即均衡状态时所必需的条件。对林业三大效益规模经济问题的分析是本文核心部分,旨在为林业三大效益均衡问题的研究提供若干参考依据,同时也为林业合作经济组织的发展提供指导。     

基础养老保险缴费率膨胀系数研究*

围绕国家提出降低养老保险缴费率的宗旨,本文研究适度降低基础养老保险缴费率的路径,提出养老保险缴费率膨胀系数概念和定量研究数理模型。本文提出,社会保障体制转轨的“成本叠加”、全社会代际交叠的“有限责任”、个人生命周期的“不可预期”是导致养老保险缴费率膨胀的主要原因和内在规律。定量研究发现,现存养老保险缴费率膨胀系数为944%,其中覆盖面膨胀系数为559%,遵缴率膨胀系数为369%,提前退休膨胀系数为016%。纵向回归研究发现,覆盖面的膨胀系数弹性为-015,遵缴率的膨胀系数弹性为-02,提前退休的膨胀系数弹性为0938。在此基础上,本文提出了相关建议。 \     

就我国金融业经营模式发展趋向的几点思考

混业经营已经成为全球金融业的重要发展趋势，但分业经营限制在各主要国家的取消并不意味着分业经营与混业经营的争论已经结束，相反，许多实行混业经营的金融机构屡屡出现问题，以及国际银行业领域内一些大型的金融机构缩小业务范围从而成为某一领域的专业金融机构的现象，都提示我们分业经营与混业经营决非此优彼劣的简单选择。在分业经营和混业经营孰优孰劣的问题上，一直存在着激烈的争论。这些争论涉及系统风险、利益冲突、垄断与效率以及范围经济与规模经济等问题。不论是在理论界还是在政府决策层面，都没有就分业和混业孰优孰劣的问题达成一致的意见。     

论中小企业成本管理存在的问题及对策

中小企业管理理念落后、组织制度建设滞后、生产经营粗放，并且我国中小企业生命周期短等特点，强化成本管理成为中小企业发展的关键。本文对分析中小企业的成本管理重要性入手，分析了中小企业成本管理存在的相关问题，借以提出强化中小企业成本管理的对策。     

经济增加值与国有企业绩效考核体系

随着国有企业规模不断扩大,如何引导国有企业既考虑利润总额及净资产收益率,又考虑资本成本,提高增长质量,成为了国资委及各级国企亟待解决的问题。本文结合国务院国有资产监督管理委员会令第22号《中央企业负责人经营业绩考核暂行办法》,对经济增加值的内涵加以讨论,并对经济增加值与国有企业绩效考核体系中的传统指标加以对比分析。     

价格和产量调整成本固定时通货膨胀的产出效应

本文主要研究了当产品的价格和数量的调整成本都固定的情况下,通货膨胀对产品总量的影响.研究表明这种影响取决于企业的实际边际收益对需求的弹性.在通货膨胀时,如果实际收入弹性总是大于-1,则产出将降低;如果实际收入弹性总是小于-1,则总产出将上升;在实际收入弹性等于-1时,总产出将不受通货膨胀影响.     

Evolution of banking efficiency within an unstable macroeconomic environment: the case of Turkish commercial banks

This paper analyses the efficiency performance of the Turkish banking sector between 1988 and 1999, a period characterized by increasing macroeconomic instability. The technical and scale efficiencies of Turkish commercial banks are measured with the use of nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis. The empirical results suggest that over the sample period both pure technical and scale efficiency measures show a great variation and the sector did not achieve sustained efficiency gains. It is also reported that the sector suffers mainly from scale inefficiency and scale inefficiency, in turn, is due to decreasing returns to scale. There are also reported differences in the efficiency performance of commercial banks with different ownership status. In addition, the relationships between profitability, asset quality, size and the two definitions of efficiency are considered. Efficient banks are more profitable, and pure technical efficiency and scale inefficiency are positively related to size. The trend in the performance levels over the period suggests that macroeconomic conditions had a profound influence on the efficiency measures.     

Economic Growth and Verdoorn's Law in the Spanish Regions, 1962-91

The aim of this paper is to test for the presence of dynamic increasing returns to scale in the Spanish regions between 1962 and 1991.The framework in which this paper is based is the so-called Verdoorn's Law. Tests are carried out for the manufacturing sector, agriculture, construction, services and total value added. The results show substantial increasing returns for manufacturing, services sector and for total value added. The staticdynamic paradox found by McCombie (1982) is also discussed and tested. We find no support for the hypothesis of a Cobb-Douglas function as the underlying technical relationship of the law.     

Productivity and environmental regulation: the effect of the nitrates directive in the French pig sector

This paper measures the ensuing changes in productivity in the French pig sector following the introduction of the European regulation addressing water pollution by nitrates from agriculture. Productivity is measured using the Malmquist–Luenberger index. The sources of changes in productivity observed are examined by breaking down this index into its technical progress and efficiency components. The results show that in the early stages, increases in productivity were stimulated by increased efficiency, before being driven by technical progress. The estimations regarding the sources of efficiency gains for the farms in the sample (technical efficiency, efficiency of scale and environmental efficiency) are then used to estimate the indirect costs and benefits (or negative costs) linked to the introduction of the environmental regulation controlling the disposal of organic manure and the management of nitrogen surplus from pig farms. The existence of a “win-win” effect as regards the Porter hypothesis relation between efficiency and environmental regulation is highlighted for the French pig sector.      

Analyses of technical efficiency using SDF and DEA models: evidence from Nepalese agriculture

Alleviation of poverty is a central issue in Nepal. Given the limited stock of land and the infant/unorganized manufacturing sector, increased demand for food has to be satisfied by improving production efficiency. This article examines how this could be achieved. Stochastic distance function and data envelopment analysis models identify the existence of a high degree of technical inefficiency in Nepalese agriculture, suggesting that there is a substantial prospect of increasing agricultural productivity using the existing level of inputs and resources more efficiently. Among the three farm sizes in the data set, medium size farmers achieve a higher technical efficiency than large and small farm sizes, suggesting that productive efficiency can be increased with the encouragement of creating medium size holdings. The observed decreasing returns to scale also implies that productivity gains could be achieved by breaking up of large farms into small family farms. The technical inefficiency model suggests the potential for shifting the production frontier upwards by providing ownership of land, increasing farmers’ education and knowledge, and increasing land quality, including irrigation facilities.     

Efficiency in the factoring industry

The efficiency and productivity in the Italian factoring industry between 1993 and 1997 is investigated using DEA. The factoring industry is an important part of many financial systems and it has established itself as a major source of finance and credit management for a growing number of companies. However, as far as the authors are aware no studies have applied frontier methodologies to examine the efficiency and productivity of this industry. This paper focuses on the Italian market, the second largest in the world after the UK. The results suggest that there are substantial cost savings to be had in the Italian factoring industry: the mean cost inefficiency in the Italian factoring industry over the period 1993–1997 ranged between 14% and 22%. These inefficiencies are mainly generated by allocative rather than technical inefficiencies. Scale and technical inefficiencies seem to be similar in magnitude and the supposed importance of the latter typically found in the banking efficiency literature, are not observed in Italian factoring. Firm size does not appear to be related to technical, allocative and economic efficiency and the hypothesis that ownership structure influences factoring firm efficiency could not be rejected. In order to analyse efficiency change over time the Malmquist index is used. Total factor productivity was decomposed into technical change and efficiency change and the latter was further divided into pure efficiency and scale efficiency change. Productivity changes were slight over the period 1993–1996, while a substantial increase in productivity occurred between 1996 and 1997: the latter appears to be the result of a large improvement in the technology and a positive scale efficiency change, however, this was slowed down by a negative pure efficiency change.     

Cost structure,productivity and efficiency of the Italian public higher education industry 2001–2011

In this paper, I analyze the cost structure of the Italian higher education system for the decade between 2001 and 2011, by means of a stochastic translog cost function. I suggest that the judgment about the optimal configuration of the sector is strongly dependent upon the policy priorities set by decision makers. When assuming that the universities’ output is the number of students, scale economies are exhausted, and marginal costs are relatively low; when considering graduates as outputs instead, there is opportunity for increasing the scale of operations. Inefficiency affects production in a sensible manner, especially when assuming that the target output is the number of graduates. Moreover, efficiency contributes to explaining a relevant portion of the productivity increases in the period. No significant scope economies between teaching and research emerge, suggesting that a higher degree of universities’ specialization can be a direction for improving the sector’s efficiency and productivity.     

The Effect of the Quasi–market on the Efficiency–equity Trade–off in the Secondary School Sector

Britain’s education system was radically transformed during the 1990s following the Education Reform Act (1988). The primary objective of these reforms was to raise educational standards through the creation of a quasi–market based upon greater parental choice and the transfer of control over resources from local education authorities to schools. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of the quasi–market on efficiency and equity in the secondary education sector in England during the 1990s. Two primary questions are addressed. Has the quasi–market led to an improvement in efficiency in the secondary education sector? Has the quasi–market had any adverse consequences on the social segregation of pupils between schools? Using data obtained from the Schools’ Census and the School Performance Tables, we find strong evidence that the quasi–market has led to a substantial improvement in efficiency (as measured by a school’s exam performance and by the productivity of staff) during the 1990s. The same market forces have led to a greater social segregation of pupils between schools.     

MODELING INVESTMENT‐SECTOR EFFICIENCY SHOCKS: WHEN DOES DISAGGREGATION MATTER?

The most straightforward way to analyze investment‐sector productivity developments is to construct a two‐sector model with a sector‐specific productivity shock. An often used modeling shortcut accounts for such developments using a one‐sector model with shocks to the efficiency of investment in a capital accumulation equation. This shortcut is theoretically justified when some stringent conditions are satisfied. Using a two‐sector model, we consider the implications of relaxing several of the conditions that are at odds with the U.S. Input–Output Tables, including equal factor shares across sectors. The effects of productivity shocks to an investment‐producing sector of our two‐sector model differ from those of efficiency shocks to investment in a one‐sector model. Notably, expansionary productivity shocks boost consumption in every period, whereas expansionary efficiency shocks cause consumption to fall substantially for many periods.     

中国钢铁行业全要素生产效率实证分析

基于动态DEA的非参数Malmquist指数法,分析了1992～2007年中国28个省市钢铁行业全要素生产率以及七大经济区钢铁行业全要素生产率变动情况,并将全要素生产率的变动分解为技术进步、纯技术效率、规模效率三个指标,分析了这三个指标对中国钢铁行业全要素生产率的影响。结果显示,中国钢铁行业TFP的增长主要是由技术进步推动的,当技术进步促进TFP提升时,总会受到技术效率相对下降对TFP增长的抑制;七大经济区钢铁行业全要素生产率存在明显级差,低效经济区学习和追赶高效经济区的效应也应该发挥更大作用;钢铁产业各经济区产能应实现在高效率地区的相对集中,获取行业的规模经济;各经济区都应该注重钢铁行业管理水平的提高,突破钢铁行业能效提高的技术效率瓶颈。