宏观经济效率:理论及中美的经验研究

借助于Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans增长模型,本文分析了当经济沿着最优动态路径增长时,宏观经济效率与人均资本的各种动态关系.实证结果显示:在短期,美国经济正运行在马鞍形稳定臂上,并会继续收敛于短期的均衡状态;中国经济效率与人均资本的值都比较低,而且从相图中的动力线来看,若短期内中国经济不能恢复到稳定臂上来,这一经济效率还有进一步恶化的趋势.在长期,美国的宏观经济效率表现出稳定上升的态势,而中国的宏观经济效率却表现出下滑的趋势,两者呈现典型的"剪刀型"特征.     

中国经济动态效率的优化路径研究

本文选取中国1996年到2015年的相关数据,根据经济发展动态效率的理论模型对中国经济发展效率进行分析,发现中国经济发展长期处于动态无效,而后对金融供给侧中的各种因素和经济发展动态效率进行分析.研究发现金融业发展水平提高对经济动态效率有积极的影响,金融机构资金运用的效率降低对经济动态效率有负面作用,宏观的货币政策也是影响经济效率的因素之一.     

2010-2011年中国宏观经济报告——流动性回收与新规划效应下的中国宏观经济

2010年中国宏观经济步入了"高位回稳"、"经济常态化"、"价格偏高"、"结构良性化"的运行轨道。2011年中国宏观经济一方面延续了2010年经济运行的逻辑,另一方面将出现货币政策的全面转向、外部环境的变异以及"十二五"规划的全面启动等新因素,这决定了2011年中国宏观经济将呈现"复杂但却平稳"的态势。本文利用模型对于相关宏观经济指标进行了预测,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

通货膨胀影响工业经济运行效率吗?——基于中国工业数据的VAR分析

本文利用1957—2010年中国工业经济数据,基于VAR的计量分析方法,研究中国工业经济运行效率与通货膨胀的关系,结果表明通货膨胀是中国工业经济运行效率的格兰杰原因。从脉冲响应上来看,通货膨胀对中国工业经济运行效率的负面影响主要在短期,从中长期来看,适度的通货膨胀有助于中国工业经济运行效率的提升,但我们必须规避高通胀;从方差分解上来看,通货膨胀对中国工业经济运行效率的贡献约为8%,说明制约中国工业经济运行效率提升的根本性因素在于工业经济自身,而不是通货膨胀,因此转变工业发展模式,提升工业发展效率成为当前中国工业经济的重中之重。     

资产泡沫能消除经济动态无效吗——基于AMSZ准则扩展与中国数据的检验

在经济运行动态无效的情况下，通过引入资产泡沫可以使得经济趋于动态有效。这就为控制资产泡沫带来一种困扰。本文在“AMSZ准则”扩展的基础上，用中国1985～2007年的数据做出检验，得出自1990年以来中国经济动态无效的结论．并进一步分析引入资产泡沫消除经济动态无效的不可取；在提高劳动收入的基础上扩大消费需求才是正道。     

我国资本形成动态效率的实证考察

文章利用AMSZ准则研究分析了我国资本形成的动态效率问题,结果表明:1992—2008年间,中国资本形成的动态效率出现了较大波动,多数年份是动态无效的;认为导致资本形成动态无效的主要原因是资本深化水平不断提高、地方政府之间无序竞争以及技术创新能力较低等;最后就如何改变资本动态无效现象提出一些具体建议。     

通货膨胀和紧缩下经济政策乘数作用的对比

在通货膨胀和通货紧缩环境下，宏观经济政策具有不同的作用效果。新凯恩斯经济学认为，在通货紧缩环境下，由于价格粘性和调整成本等原因，将导致经济政策乘数作用更为显著。但是我们通过模型检验发现，在我国经济运行的不同价格变化阶段，这种新凯恩斯经济学有政策命题并不成立。在通货紧缩环境下，财政政策和货币政策乘数均出现了明显降低，其原因是有效需求不足，导致政府投资乘数作用下降和货币政策实际作用减弱。     

环境治理及技术进步对我国低碳经济效率的影响——基于超效率SBM-VRS模型的研究

以全国29个省份2004—2014年的面板数据为分析基础,运用基于非期望产出的超效率SBM-VRS模型对全国省际范围近十年来的低碳经济发展现状进行评价与分析,并对低碳经济发展无效的省份做了相关冗余值的投影分析,进一步结合Malmquist指数动态地分析了各省份碳排放效率差异的具体原因,最终运用Tobit模型分析并详细解释了环境治理与技术进步对我国低碳经济的影响。研究发现全国65.5%的省份都处于低碳经济发展无效的状态,一定程度上与相应省份的技术进步指数(TC)变动与技术效率指数(TEC)变动差异明显以及政府对环境保护投资力度不够有关;政府环境治理支出并没有得到合理配置,呈现出弱的显著性;技术进步对低碳经济效率具有较强的显著性。     

中国经济中不存在资本的过度积累--兼与史永东、袁志刚商榷

如果经济是动态无效的,则说明在经济中存在着资本的过度积累.文章的实证研究表明,从中国经济整体上看并未出现资本的过度积累,但是当分地区考察时,则发现我国的西部地区经济处于动态无效状态.在文章的最后,提出了一个判断产业结构是否合理的动态标准.     

经济转轨以来我国经济增长的效率分析与政策研究

中国经济转轨时期GDP的高增长率并不代表中国经济的高效率.从全要素生产率的角度考虑,全要素生产率在相当程度上表现为结构调整的资源配置效率的贡献,知识进展表现并不显著,在20世纪90年代中期资源配置效率的能量释放后,投资推动更加明显地表现为中国经济增长的第一动力;从长期均衡的动态效率考虑,由于资本的迅速积累导致了中国经济处于动态无效区域.针对此问题,我们需要通过采取切实提高我国的知识进展速度,降低储蓄率,扩大非农就业、推进城市化发展等措施作为进一步的改进政策.     

资产定价泡沫对经济的影响

本文采用具有技术进步和随机实质资本投资收益率的跨时迭代模型 ,从理论上分析了资产定价泡沫对经济的影响 ,同时对我国转轨时期经济的动态效率进行了实证研究。结果显示 :我国转轨时期经济正从动态无效向动态有效转化 ,在实质资本收益率确定的情况下 ,适当的资产定价泡沫 (如果存在的话 )对我国经济有益 ,会增加人均消费 ,加快我国经济向动态有效转化 ,使资源配置达到Pareto最优 ;在实质资本收益率随机的情况下 ,资产定价泡沫对经济的影响是不确定的 ,其效果依赖于个人对未来投资实质资本收益率的预期 ,因而加强投资者对未来实质资本投资的收益率持乐观态度的信心是至关重要的。     

THE CASE FOR PAY-AS-YOU-GO PENSIONS IN A SERVICE ECONOMY

The elderly consume more labour‐intensive services than young individuals. This makes them vulnerable to rising costs of services due to higher wages, which can be caused by increased capital accumulation. This paper shows that in a model with a service sector, the golden‐rule capital stock is lower and dynamic inefficiency is more likely to occur than in the conventional one‐sector model. This implies that in many cases, a positive Pay‐As‐You‐Go tax maximises long‐run welfare in a service economy. Calculations based on data from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands show that the long‐run optimal degree of funding coincides with the current situation in these countries.     

Public investment,national debt,and economic growth: The role of debt finance under dynamic inefficiency

Public investment is a central issue in the dynamic analyses of fiscal policy and economic growth. Debt financing for public investment and its effects have recently received great attention because interest rates have been low, almost invariably remaining below economic growth rates. This paper presents examination of the effects of debt-financed public investment subject to a simple fiscal rule in an overlapping generations model with public capital. This topic includes capital budgeting and the debt–deficit criterion of the Maastricht treaty. We show herein that debt financing for public investment enhances economic growth if an economy is dynamically inefficient and if public capital has a sufficiently large productivity effect. Moreover, it reduces economic growth rates in a dynamically efficient economy. Debt and growth can have a monotonic or non-monotonic relation, depending on the steady-state interest rate, growth rate, and productivity effect of public investment. The findings indicate that debt–growth relations match with controversial empirical evidence. Furthermore, existing generations choose perfect debt finance if dynamic inefficiency exists. In contrast, a balanced budget is preferred in a dynamically efficient economy with low productivity effects of public capital. However, an economy with high productivity effects of public capital might cho ose debt financing. This paper contributes to the elucidation of currently emphasized issues of public investment.     

The Efficiency of China's Banking Industry and the Determinants

The recent global financial crisis highlights the importance of a sound financial sector for economic development. This paper evaluates the economic efficiency of China's banking industry and investigates the determinants of this efficiency. Our analysis shows that the average economic efficiency of joint-stock commercial banks is highest, followed by the ‘Big Four’ state-owned commercial banks and city commercial banks. The economic inefficiency of these banks during the past 15 years was mainly caused by technical inefficiency, and this technical inefficiency was mainly caused by scale inefficiency. Using the scores of efficiency as dependent variables, the paper also comprehensively studies the impact of (1) the characteristics of individual banks, (2) the characteristics of the whole banking industry and (3) macroeconomic factors on banking efficiency. The results suggest a number of factors that banks can work on to improve efficiency and lend support to deepening reforms in the Chinese banking industry, including regulatory reforms that require capital adequacy in a more strict way, reforms that introduce more competition and, more broadly, reforms that aim at establishing institutions that can truly commercialize Chinese banks. Last but not least, the efficiency of banking depends on healthy growth of the overall economy.     

Sources of investment inefficiency: The case of fixed-asset investment in China

This study attempts to measure the inefficiency associated with aggregate investment in a transitional economy. The inefficiency is decomposed into allocative and technical inefficiency based on standard production theory. Allocative inefficiency is measured by the deviation of actual investment from the theoretically desired investment demand. Institutional factors are then identified as part of the driving force of the deviation. The resulting model is applied to Chinese provincial panel data. The main findings are: Chinese investment demand is strongly receptive to expansionary fiscal policies and inter-provincial network effects; the tendency of over-investment remains, even with signs of increasing allocative efficiency and improving technical efficiency.     

On the Phelps–Koopmans theorem

We examine whether the Phelps–Koopmans theorem is valid in models with nonconvex production technologies. We argue that a nonstationary path that converges to a capital stock above the smallest golden rule may indeed be efficient. This finding has the important implication that “capital overaccumulation” need not always imply inefficiency. Under mild regularity and smoothness assumptions, we provide an almost-complete characterization of situations in which every path with limit in excess of the smallest golden rule must be inefficient, so that a version of the Phelps–Koopmans theorem can be recovered. Finally, we establish that a nonconvergent path with limiting capital stocks above (and bounded away from) the smallest golden rule can be efficient, even if the model admits a unique golden rule. Thus the Phelps–Koopmans theorem in its general form fails to be valid, and we argue that this failure is robust across nonconvex models of growth.     

我国工业企业绿色技术创新 效率及其区域差异研究 ——基于共同前沿理论和DEA模型

在引入工业“三废”和CO2等指标的情况下,本文基于共同前沿理论,利用规模报酬不变和可变的DEA模型测度分析2003-2010年各省份企业绿色科技研发、成果转化效率以及区域间的技术差距,并对无效率值进行分解,最后检验两阶段效率的影响因素。研究表明：①考察期内中国企业两阶段绿色创新效率偏低,且均呈现下降趋势,各阶段纯技术效率持续减少是其主要原因。与传统效率相比,绿色效率值更低,绿色与传统成果转化效率省际排名间呈现显著的正相关性,表明经济效率不高省份在技术环境效应转化中依然落后。②各省份、区域间效率差异明显,TGR值显示,东部地区两阶段创新技术水平均高于中西部,且存在差距继续扩大的风险。大多数东部省份两阶段无效率主要受制于企业管理水平低下,而生产技术差距和管理无效率则是中西部省份的共同制约因素。③国有经济比重、外商投资和技术交易环境对科技研发效率的提升具有积极影响,企业规模则起阻滞作用。技术交易环境优化显著促进成果转化效率的提升,而企业规模和国有经济比重具有负影响。     

HOW EFFICIENT HAS BEEN CHINA'S INVESTMENT? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL DATA

Abstract.  This paper analyses both the allocative efficiency and the dynamic efficiency of China's spending on capital. We examine the relationship between investment flows and the marginal product of capital computed by estimating the Cobb-Douglas and CES production functions at both the national and provincial levels. We also investigate dynamic efficiency by comparing the share of capital in national income and the rate of investment. The main finding is that the allocative efficiency of capital in China has improved in recent years, but the high rate of investment may be a sign of dynamic inefficiency of the Chinese economy.     

“Love of wealth” and economic growth

In a Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans growth framework it is shown that for an optimum a benevolent social planner cannot have an excessive “love of wealth”. With a “right” “love of wealth” an optimum exists and implies higher long‐run per‐capita capital, income, and consumption relative to the standard model. This has important implications for comparative development trajectories. The optimum implies dynamic efficiency with the possibility of getting arbitrarily close to the golden rule where long‐run per‐capita consumption is maximal. It is shown that the optimal path attains its steady state more slowly. Thus, the beneficial effects of love of wealth materialize later than in the standard model. Furthermore, the economy can be decentralized as a competitive private ownership economy. One can then identify “love of wealth” with the “spirit of capitalism.” The paper thus implies that one needs a “right” level of the “spirit of capitalism” to realize any beneficial effects for the long run.     

On the level of optimal capital import in a decentralized competitive economy

In a competitive economy, capital import will affect the distribution of income among domestic economic units. Our main aim is to determine the optimal level of capital import, given that the distribution of income among people is accounted for. In order to consider explicitly the effect of capital import on saving behavior, we shall adopt a simple, two-period life cycle growth model. It will be shown that in order to know if the government can increase everybody's long-run utility, the criterion of the golden rule is important.