我国能源、经济与环境协调发展分析

能源、经济与环境三个系统之间存在着相互影响、相互制约的发展关系,三者的协调发展是3E系统发展的最终目标。本文通过对我国能源、经济与环境协调发展评价指标体系的模型构建,运用主成分分析法和因子分析法,测算了三个系统之间的协调发展系数,并进行了能源、经济与环境之间的综合发展评价。实证检验结论认为:我国能源、经济和环境各子系统的综合发展水平值的变化趋势差异显著,其中环境子系统综合发展水平值变化幅度最大;从能源、环境与经济各系统之间的协调系数平均值可以看出,能源与环境处于极不协调状态,能源与经济处于基本协调状态,经济与环境以及能源之间均处于不协调状态。     

陇东黄土高原PREE系统可持续发展动态分析——以甘肃省庆阳市为例

人口、资源、环境和经济之间的相互作用构成了动态开放的PREE系统,本文以庆阳市为例,建立了可持续发展指标体系,通过用改进的熵值法赋予权重,计算各子系统的综合发展指数,对1978-2005年陇东黄土高原人口、经济、资源、环境系统及总体的可持续发展状况进行动态研究的基础上,探讨了各子系统之间的协调发展程度,揭示了庆阳市可持续发展中的问题,并提出了相关建议.     

资源型城市人口-经济-环境协调发展研究——以克拉玛依市为例

在深入分析克拉玛依市发展现状的基础上,构建了人口–经济–环境系统的评价指标体系,运用系统综合评价模型、耦合协调模型,定量分析了2000年以来克拉玛依市人口、经济、环境系统综合发展水平及耦合协调状况,研究结果表明:1经济系统发展最快,人口和环境系统则呈波动上升态势;2系统间协调发展程度不高,协调水平逐年上升,由2000年的0.391增加到2012年的0.616;3克拉玛依发展类型依次为人口主导经济滞后型、人口主导环境滞后型、经济主导环境滞后型。最后根据这一发展趋势,提出了各系统可持续发展的建议。     

城市群协调发展评价理论与方法研究

论文在梳理文献的基础上建立了城市群协调发展的PREES系统模型,并构建城市群人口、资源、经济、环境、社会系统发展水平的综合评价指标体系,借助于主成分分析法构建了城市群协调发展程度的评价模型,然后针对陕西关中城市群发展现状进行案例研究,在测度关中城市群内部各子系统发展水平的基础上评价关中城市群1990年至2005年的协调发展程度,并就关中城市群的未来协调发展提出若干政策建议.     

粤港澳大湾区人口、经济与环境协同的影响机制研究

人口、经济与环境协同是当今城市群发展的主要途径和重要特征,无论是制度体系的顶层设计,还是政策工具的准备,都需要准确把握人口、经济与环境系统协同的影响机制。基于此,论文以2000—2019年粤港澳大湾区“9+2”城市的数据为样本,构建以创新体系、差异性和人口子系统、经济子系统、环境子系统构成的系统协同影响机制模型。研究发现,创新体系对系统协同具有显著的促进作用,接近人口子系统和环境子系统的效应强度;经济子系统不仅直接作用于整个大湾区的系统协同,而且也是其他因素产生协同作用的中介,经济子系统在粤港澳大湾区的发展过程将起到决定性作用,经济的高质量发展既是目的也是手段;人口子系统有其自身的惯性,调控的空间相对有限,而环境子系统有一定的滞后性,相关政策效应需要较长时间才能显现出来,这就需要有长期稳定的政策支持体系。     

长江中游城市群乡村人居环境质量评价及其时空分异

以长江中游城市群的乡村区域为研究案例,构建包括生产空间子系统、生活空间子系统、生态空间子系统的乡村人居环境质量综合评价指标体系,综合运用ArcGIS空间分析和数理统计方法对31市乡村人居环境质量进行测度和评价。结果表明:(1)整体上,长江中游城市群乡村人居环境质量空间分布呈现从集聚到松散的态势,空间依赖性不明显;2000年以来,乡村人居环境建设成效显著,其质量测评在空间演变上呈现东南部相对下降、西北部逐渐上升的趋势。(2)从乡村人居环境系统内部来看,生产空间子系统发展水平总体上升,子系统得分为一般及以上级别的地区其空间分布的重心已从南部转向西部;生活空间子系统发展水平总体稳步上升,呈现由南高北低向分散式发展的空间转变;生态空间子系统得分增长率较低且多为负向增长,时间尺度上呈正U型发展态势,空间上保持南高北低的分布特征。(3)乡村人居环境综合质量的时空分异与国家政策导向、地方经济发展水平等因素具有深层的关联性。从经济发展水平、农户主体行为、生态环境建设视角提出乡村人居环境整治建议,旨在构建美丽宜居乡村。     

黄河三角洲可持续发展水平研究

黄河三角洲区域可持续发展问题是人们关注的热点问题之一.本文基于“可持续发展”的内涵,在可持续发展评价指标体系的EEE模型基础上,构建了由经济、社会、资源环境三个子系统29个具体指标组成黄河三角洲可持续发展评价指标体系.运用主成分分析方法,采用2005-2009年数据,对黄河三角洲可持续发展状况进行了定量、动态研究.结果表明,经济子系统在2005-2008年呈现可持续发展的趋势,但2009年受美国次贷危机的影响经济持续发展水平出现了下降;社会子系统和资源环境子系统在2005-2009年期间一直呈现可持续发展的趋势,但资源环境子系统发展速度较慢.综合分析,黄河三角洲区域可持续发展水平在2005-2009年期间不断提升.     

昆明市可持续发展核算的初步研究--以五华和盘龙两区为例

本文搜集了昆明市五华、盘龙两区1990～2002年共13年来的人口、经济、环境和社会发展四个子系统数据,运用SPSS软件中的主成分分析(PCA)方法,构建可持续发展评价体系,制作出几个子系统综合发展水平趋势图。结果表明:昆明市五华、盘龙两区1999年以来各子系统的发展水平有显著提高,但不同年际间有一定波动。文章最后讨论了关于可持续发展核算中的一些问题。     

哈尔滨市可持续发展系统评价

在建立基于多层次、多指标评价方法的可持续发展系统的状态评价模型的基础上,对哈尔滨市的可持续发展系统各子系统的综合发展水平以及发展的持续度和协调度进行了计算和分析.分析表明:哈尔滨市在1995-2004年各子系统发展水平波动的幅度较大;特别是环境子系统的可持续性发展呈现退化的趋势.     

中部地区承接沿海产业转移现状及综合能力测度

借用PREE复合系统,从人口、资源、环境、经济四个方面构建了中部地区承接沿海产业转移能力的综合评价指标体系。基于主成分分析法,选用2007-2011年面板数据,对中部六省承接沿海产业转移综合能力进行测度,表明湖北、安徽等省具有较强综合承接能力,并划分中部地区发展动态类型,分析其变化特征。深入分要素能力得分,结果表明,河南、湖南等省具有较强人口优势,山西、河南等省具有较强资源优势,湖北、江西等省具有较强环境优势,湖北、湖南等省具有较强经济优势,结合经济分要素得分,提出沿海产业转移空间布局建议,并提出相应能力提升对策。     

Rule of law, democracy, openness, and income

We estimate the interrelationships among economic institutions, political institutions, openness, and income levels, using identification through heteroskedasticity (IH). We split our cross‐national dataset into two sub‐samples: (i) colonies versus non‐colonies; and (ii) continents aligned on an East–West versus those aligned on a North–South axis. We exploit the difference in the structural variances in these two sub‐samples to gain identification. We find that democracy and the rule of law are both good for economic performance, but the latter has a much stronger impact on incomes. Openness (trade/GDP) has a negative impact on income levels and democracy, but a positive effect on rule of law. Higher income produces greater openness and better institutions, but these effects are not very strong. Rule of law and democracy tend to be mutually reinforcing.     

Inflation,money, interest rate,exchange rate,and casuality: the case of Egypt,Morocco, and Tunisia

This study provides further evidence of the inflationary efects of the rates of growth of money supply, gross domestic product, efective exchange rate, and imported inflation for Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia using quarterly data from 1964 to 1990. In addition, it examines the Granger causality between inflation and money supply as well as between inflation and the real exchange rate in the countries under consideration. Most of the results are consistent with extant theory and empirical evidence.     

Quality of judicial institutions,crimes, misdemeanors,and dishonesty

We investigate the extent to which quality of judicial institutions has an impact on individuals’ propensity for criminal and dishonest behavior and on their views regarding the acceptability of dishonesty and law-breaking. We use micro data on residents of 25 European countries and employ alternative measures of judicial quality as perceived by the residents of these countries. As an instrument for judicial quality we employ the procedures with which prosecutors and judges are appointed to their posts in each country. As alternative instruments, we employ an index of de jure institutional quality as well as its components, which provide similar results. The findings show that an increase in the perception of the quality of judicial institutions, such as an improvement in judicial independence or the impartiality of the courts, has a deterrent effect on dishonest and criminal acts. A higher perceived quality of the judicial system also makes individuals less likely to find acceptable a variety of dishonest and illicit behaviors, suggesting that institutions help shape the beliefs of the society. We obtain the same results when we analyze the sample of immigrants, whose cultural attributes should be (more) related to their countries of origin, rather than their countries of residence, and thus should be arguably uncorrelated with the factors that can impact the instrument. We show that people’s beliefs in the importance of the family, in the fairness of others, and the importance of being rich are not impacted by judicial quality, suggesting that judicial quality is not a blanket representation of underlying cultural norms and beliefs in the society.     

Democracy,Rule of Law,Corruption Incentives,and Growth

We bridge the gap between the standard theory of growth and the mostly static theory of corruption. Some public investment can be diverted from its purpose by corrupt individuals. Voters determine the level of public investment subject to an incentive constraint equalizing the returns from productive and corrupt activities. We concentrate on two exogenous institutional parameters: the “technology of corruption” is the ease with which rent‐seekers can capture a proportion of public spending. The “concentration of political power” is the extent to which rent‐seekers have more political influence than other people. One theoretical prediction is that the effects of the two institutional parameters on income growth and equilibrium corruption are different according to the constraints that are binding at equilibrium. In particular, the effect of judicial quality on growth should be stronger when political power is concentrated. We estimate a system of equations where both corruption and income growth are determined simultaneously and show that income growth is more affected by our proxies for legal and political institutions in countries where political rights and judicial institutions, respectively, are limited.     

Country terms of trade: trends,unit roots,over-differencing,endogeneity, time dummies,and heterogeneity

The debate about the Prebisch-Singer thesis has focused on primary commodities with some extensions to manufactures. We analyse trends in country terms-of-trade for goods and services rather than those for commodities according to the World Bank income classification. We find that the natural logarithm of the terms of trade for all groups except for the poorest has common unit roots, but none has individual unit roots. As low-income countries have no unit roots over-differencing is inefficient and biases significance levels in first differences against the fall in the terms of trade. For the low-income countries the terms of trade of goods and services are falling at a rate that is significantly negative without and with endogeneity treatment by system GMM. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of time dummies supports the result of falling terms of trade for low-income countries. When all coefficients are country-specific 50% of all low-income countries have falling terms of trade in a simultaneous equation estimation using the SUR method. Food and financial crisis have no effect on the number of countries with falling terms of trade, but (dis-)improve the terms of trade or the significance of the results for a very small number of countries.