试述清代拯救女婴的社会措施

试述清代拯救女婴的社会措施赵建群在我国历史上，长期流行溺女陋俗。这一陋俗沿至清代，越来越盛，终于演变成为一个突出的社会问题。①有鉴于此，清朝政府极力推行“慈幼”、“保赤”的所谓仁政，各地士绅起而响应，兴办育婴堂，倡立育婴基金会，以图拯救众多女婴的性命...     

我国民间参与灾害救助的思想及实践渊源

我国民间参与灾害救助活动有着深厚的历史渊源。其一，从思想上来看，民本、仁德、兼爱等思想构成了我国古代民间参与灾害救助的重要思想基础；其二，古代民间参与灾害救助也有着丰富的实践形式。学习和研究传统社会的灾害救助经验，对于现代社会公众参与灾害救助活动，建设和谐社会有着重要的意义。     

论我国的社会救助标准

社会救助标准在我国社会救助体系中处于核心地位,社会救助标准制定的科学性和执行力直接关系到社会救助制度在实践中的有效性和生命力.针对我国社会救助标准所存在的问题,需要深化给付标准的认识,从标准的公平性、标准的充足性、救助标准的针对性等方面完善社会救助标准,充分发挥社会救助制度实际效用,保障弱势群体的基本权益.     

民国灾荒与战乱期间天津城市的社会救助(1912—1936年)

民国时期,华北地区天灾人祸频发,大批流离失所的难民涌入天津市。天津官方和民间进行了紧急社会救助,对难民的衣食住等进行了安置。本文主要从难民的接收和遣返、窝铺收容所的设置和管理、粥厂的建立和运作、难民子女的教养等方面勾勒出民国前期天津市对难民的社会救助概况。     

赋权增能视角下农民工社会救助模式转型——呼和浩特市个案研究

目前,我国农民工参加城市社会保险制度的条件受限和能力不足已是一个不争的事实,而以户籍身份为首要标准的社会救助目标瞄准机制,又把其搁浅在社会救助服务"城乡两不靠"的境地,农民工在融入城市社会过程中整体上处于收入性贫困、能力贫困、脆弱性贫困和社会排斥等不利境地。以呼和浩特市农民工生活现状和利益诉求为个案,提出以"赋权增能"方式来促进社会救助城乡统筹、加强农民工救助需求评估、完善分类救助机制、构建能促型救助模式和创新社会救助管理体制等方面的转型升级,加速农民市民化进程。     

农村社会救助方式浅探

农村社会救助制度是我国农村社会保障制度的重要组成部分,它对促进农村经济发展,改善农村贫困状况也起到很大的作用,目前在我国农村地区还存在相当数量的贫困人口,社会保险制度尚未完全建立,社会救助的意义尤为重要,而救助的目标又决定了救助的方式。本文主要介绍了社会救助的内容方式,比如现金、实物和服务等,分析了中国农村的社会救助方式,指出社会救助的方式应该多样化。     

民国灾荒与战乱期间天津城市的社会救助（1912-1936年）

民国时期,华北地区天灾人祸频发,大批流离失所的难民涌入天津市.天津官方和民间进行了紧急社会救助,对难民的衣食住等进行了安置.本文主要从难民的接收和遣返、窝铺收容所的设置和管理、粥厂的建立和运作、难民子女的教养等方面勾勒出民国前期天津市对难民的社会救助概况.     

商业与公益之间:清代民间公项经费存典生息研究

存典生息是清代民间公项经费保值增值的一种较为普遍的方式。不同于纯粹的商业化运作,这种经费的存典生息并非以追求利润的最大化为第一目标,而是以资金安全为首要考量,且受市场因素影响往往相对较小,主要表现在:一是其利率并非完全由市场决定;二是其往往带有强制性;三是其商业风险相对较小。清代民间公项经费的存典生息,较好地实现了商业与公益的结合,既体现了典当业对社会公益的责任和义务,也彰显了政府和社会对公益事业的保护和支持。士绅、典当商、政府的协力合作为有清一代民间公益经费保障体系的构建奠定了较为坚实的基础。     

社会救助的政策建构和实践完善:发展型社会政策的视角

我国的社会救助体系虽已初步形成,但仍存在诸如救助理念落后,未实现从消除收入贫困到消除能力贫困的转变;救助方式单一,无法实现彻底摆脱贫困的制度目标;救助主体薄弱,社区和非政府组织发展不成熟的问题。发展型社会政策要求我国的社会救助政策作出以下完善:将能力提升作为社会救助政策的理念和出发点之一,调整社会救助政策的重点,由低保转向就业、儿童、医疗、教育等积极的救助政策,建立政府与非政府组织社会救助的协作机制。     

中西方社会救助制度中政府责任差异的比较分析——基于制度文化的视角

本文从制度文化分析的视角,通过对中西方社会救助制度的思想渊源、制度基础和救助内容及特点等进行比较分析,对中西方政府在社会救助中的地位、作用、行为动机、对法制建设的重视程度等差异进行了释疑,并在此基础上,对我国政府在社会救助制度建设中履行职责的逐渐理性和成熟,从制度变迁的视角进行了展望,指出我国政府必须主动承担对整个社会心理的大量宣传和引导工作,改变我国人群社会救助被动参与的施恩论思想,唤醒我国居民的权利意识,推动人们主动参与和监督社会救助体系的制度建设。     

清末民初工商企业家群体认同意识的形成及其社会影响

清末民初的工商企业家在社会经济发展的同时,自身也在不断地强大起来.特别是他们在思想意识方面与以往有了很大的不同,最为突出者就是群体认同意识的产生和发展,有力地推动了民族资产阶级走向联合,其标志就是以业缘为特征的商人组织--商会的产生和发展.商会在社会和经济等各个领域都发挥了作为社会调节的中介组织的作用,沟通了政府与企业之间的联系,维护了企业的合法权益,同时也为社会做了大量的公益事业,成为推动当时社会进步的一股不可忽视的力量.     

郑观应的赈贫济难思想初探

中国近代著名文学家、思想家和实业家郑观应（1842-1922）在其名著《盛世危言》中通过介绍西方慈善事业的发展情况，就赈贫济难社会福利提出中国应该学习移植西方慈善事业的诸多方面，并使之与中国实际社会生活情况相融合。并从对待赈贫济难的态度、“弱势群体”形成的社会原因及赈贫济难的必要性、赈贫济难的主客体、赈贫济难的管理方法和具体措施等诸多方面展开全面、具体的分析与论证。     

Who Defended Monetary Stability in a Specie Regime? Evidence from the Chinese History

Despite the lack of political accountability, ancient autocracies maintained a level of monetary stability that rivals modern democracies. This paper hypothesizes that it is the threat of counterfeiting that has constrained currency debasement. Unwilling to share seigniorage with counterfeiters, who are active only if currency is debased, the government refrains from debasement unless in extreme fiscal situations. To document the facts, we build a database of historical Chinese copper coins that covers the period from the Qin dynasty (221 BC–207 BC) to the Republic of China. We also use the introduction of the steam press in late Qing China as a natural experiment to test the theory. The steam press produced coins of fine patterns that counterfeiters were unable to mimic. As the theory predicts, the removal of the threat of counterfeiting triggered the most serious debasement in the history of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).     

Financing Public Investment through Foreign Aid: Consequences for Economic Growth and Welfare*

The paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding the mechanism through which foreign aid affects macroeconomic performance. The authors find that the long‐run impact of an aid program and the nature of the transitional dynamics it generates depend crucially on (i) the elasticity of substitution in production, (ii) whether the aid flow is tied to investment activity or not, (iii) how the recipient government chooses to react to the flow of external assistance, and (iv) whether the aid program is permanent or temporary. Structural characteristics of the recipient are important in determining the extent to which external assistance can aid growth and welfare.     

试论历史名胜九日山被湮没文化的旅游再开发

九日山是著名海上丝绸之路的起点,历经晋兴、唐著、宋盛、明微、清衰,历史文化旅游资源几尽湮没。重新开发九日山历史旅游文化,应把握重点修复文化载体原则、深入发掘文化内涵原则、适当拓展空间原则、秩序渐进开发原则。开发访古探幽,海上丝路、揽胜休闲等旅游产品,要加强政府主导作用,处处以市场为导向,坚持开发与保护相结合,发展观光与参与相结合的旅游活动。     

Emergency liquidity provision to public banks: Rules versus discretion

This paper analyzes a government's incentives to provide financial assistance to a public bank which is hit by a liquidity shock. We show that discretionary decisions about emergency liquidity assistance result in either excessively small or excessively large liquidity injections in a wide variety of circumstances. Also, adding a lender of last resort does not generally ensure a socially optimal policy. However, optimal rules exist that align the preferences of the government and/or a lender of last resort with social preferences by either subsidizing or taxing liquidity aid.     

The Political Economy of IMF Conditionality: A Common Agency Model

The paper models the relationship between an aid‐providing international financial institution (IFI) and an aid‐receiving government whose economic policy choices are influenced by a domestic interest group. Two assistance schemes are evaluated: conditional aid in which the IFI makes assistance contingent on less‐ distorting economic policies and unconditional aid which is provided without such conditions. Conditional aid is shown to raise welfare of the receiving country and the world as a whole relative to unconditional aid. The paper also examines how conditional and unconditional aid schemes are influenced by the IFI's opportunity cost of providing assistance and the receiving government's political dependence on a domestic interest group.     

试论我国新型农村社会救助体系的构建——基于政府责任和能力建设的视角

社会救助是我国社会保障的核心内容之一,当前我国社会救助事务尤其是农村社会救助日渐紧迫和突出,社会救助制度亟待进一步规范和完善。作为社会制度核心框架和象征的政府,履行社会救助功能,推动新型农村社会救助体系的建立,有着不可推卸的责任。为此,应确定公共财政在农村社会救助中的责任,建立多层次农村社会救助体系,注意与受助人的"能力建设"相结合,形成"生存照顾"和"能力培养"的双重目的结构。     

Veto players and foreign aid provision

This study investigates how the political institutions of developed economies influence their foreign assistance. Specifically, we argue that the number of effective veto players has a negative effect on the volume of aid provision. To provide foreign assistance, the incumbent government in a donor country must have unanimous support from all effective veto players in policy making. Thus, it has more barriers to overcome when the polity is characterized by many and preference-wise heterogeneous veto players. By examining the official development assistance outflows of 27 OECD countries for the period of 1977–2006, we find empirical patterns that corroborate our argument.     

GROSS EXPENDITURE ON UK INDUSTRIAL ASSISTANCE: A RESEARCH NOTE

This note presents annual figures for gross expenditure on UK central government assistance to industry over the period 1960-90. This is part of onging research on the determinants and effects of UK industrial assistance. All figures are at corrent prices and a breakdown is provided between various components of policy, comprising national assistance, industrial and firm specific assistance, technology support, civil aircraft aid, shipbuilding assistance and local employment and regional policy.