产业技术创新战略联盟稳定性影响机制研究 ——一个合作机制视角的多案例探索性分析

以3个产业技术创新战略联盟案例为样本，运用扎根理论的三阶段编码方法，从联盟合作机制视角，构建产业技术创新战略联盟稳定性影响机制模型，对联盟稳定性进行多案例探索性研究，得出以下命题：运行机制、控制机制、激励机制和整合机制共同构成产业技术创新战略联盟的长效合作机制，该四维机制作为联盟运行的机制保障，有助于提升产业技术创新战略联盟稳定性;政府政策能强化联盟合作机制对联盟稳定性的促进作用。结论可为战略联盟长效合作机制构建以及政府政策制定提供理论依据和参考。     

技术创新联盟影响因素与路径框架

当前,加强科技创新已经成为世界各国的重大发展战略,技术创新联盟建设也逐渐成为科技创新趋势,而技术创新具有研发周期长、投入集中、过程复杂等特点,使得构建创新主体间的深层次合作很有必要。采用扎根理论对技术创新联盟建设影响因素进行挖掘,提炼相应范畴,进而构建技术创新联盟的“动机—过程—行为”影响因素及作用路径模型。结果表明,联盟建设影响因素中,资源投入是开展创新合作的重要前提条件,协作动机是促进技术创新联盟构建的内在驱动,组织环境是实施创新合作的基础性条件,技术创新协同过程则是联盟运行的重要支撑条件。在联盟构建过程中,协同过程起部分中介桥梁作用,资源投入因素与组织环境因素起调节作用。     

组织学习与模块化嵌入的产学研合作联盟研究

知识经济时代,学习型组织模式构建对于推动产学研协同创新发展意义重大。首先,应用资源依赖理论解析了面向产学研合作联盟的组织学习内涵问题。其次,引入模块化理论探讨了合作联盟组织学习调节机制设计问题。在此基础上,采用多案例研究方法比较了我国家电产业的3个代表性合作联盟运行机制,并着重分析了合作联盟组织学习特征及问题。结果表明：①保持资源互依关系有利于联盟成员间开展知识交互和知识创新;②模块化不但有利于实现“背靠背”的合作创新,还可以作为合作联盟组织学习调节机制;③组织学习对联盟绩效具有积极影响,更是促进产学研合作联盟演化的重要推手。最后,针对我国产学研合作联盟存在的主要问题提出对策建议。     

Public policy and the creation of active venture capital markets

We assess the effectiveness of different public policy instruments for the creation of active venture capital markets. Our methodology focusses on ‘innovation ratios’, defined to be the shares of high-tech, and of early stage, venture capital investments. We study a unique panel of data for 14 European countries between 1988 and 2001. We have several novel findings. First, we find no evidence of a shortage of supply of venture capital funds in Europe, a result which questions the effectiveness of the most widely used policy for fostering active venture capital markets. We also find other policies to be effective. In particular, the opening of stock markets targeted at entrepreneurial companies has a positive, large effect on the innovation ratios. Reductions in the corporate capital gains tax rate increase the share of both high-tech and early stage investment. A reduction in labor regulation also results in a higher share of high-tech investments. Finally, we find no evidence of an effect of increased public R&D spending on the innovation ratios.     

Academic faculty as intellectual property in university-industry research alliances

In this article, we consider a particular type of strategic alliance that is perhaps most difficult to operate: those involving universities and industry that are based in a university setting. We consider this type of research alliance because while we know they face formidable challenges in terms of property rights – with the academic faculty participating in these alliances constituting the ‘property’ – there is very little study of how to address these challenges. Accordingly, we review a number of literatures focused on the shared use of human capital, from management science, organizational behavior, and science policy studies, among others, emphasizing the incenting of collaborative, boundary-spanning research. We discern lessons from these literatures for incenting industry-focused research in university settings and make some recommendations for future research on university-industry research alliances.     

我国新能源技术创新政策成效及其优化分析

在梳理我国新能源技术创新政策的基础上,利用太阳能、风能和核能等产业的相关数据,对新能源技术创新政策进行评价,并从政府管理机制、投融资机制、产业规划、研发联盟管理、强化国际合作等5个方面,提出了优化新能源技术创新政策的思路。     

Cooperation in R&D through a network,an ‘organizational gamble’? an empirical analysis of rhône poulenc rorer-gencell

This paper is based on the empirical analysis of innovation challenges to Rhône Poulenc Rorer-Gencell (RPR-Gencell) resulting from development of biotechnology in the pharmaceutical industy. These we identify as an organizational innovation involving the development of a network of partners following and/or inducing a technological innovation. RPR-Gencell represents a ‘style of innovation’ since it is based on various factors specific to the firm and corresponds to a new organizational form, the ‘tight network’ of partners. We argue that this organizational from, in the context of the development of biotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry, can be likened to an ‘organizational gamble’ associated with a ‘technological gamble’ Altogether, this ‘gamble’ dimension means that the network of partners in R&D is still a marginal organizational form. After an introduction we show that the specficities of the pharmaceutical industry especialy since the emergence of biotechnohgy have led to the emergence of a multiplicity of institutional arrangements governing cooperation in R&D. We take as a specific example that of gene therapy. Later on, we present some stylized facts to emphasize the diversity among the network organizational forms. The network of partners is an alternative to the other complex but ‘clarsical’ forms of cooperation (R&D agreements, cross-licensing, joint-ventures, mergers/acquisilions). We propose a new definition of the network based on the case of RPR-Gencell: the ‘tight network’. We distinguish between the ‘tight network’ and all the other approaches, focusing in particular on the ‘loose network’ of cooperative relationship (mostly multifirm alliances implemented with several bilateral contracts). Only two pharmaceutical companies have adopted the ‘tight network’ to govern their cooperation in R&D. We present the network ofpartners as an organizational innovation governing a technological innovation. We argue that this organizational innovation could be likened to an ‘organizational gamble’ in the case of the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, we show that the network raises several organizational issues since it short-circuits traditional strategic operations in the pharamaceutical industry. We argue that among many different reasons, RPR's technological choices (especially the priorig given to gene therapy) have influenced the creation of its network of partners. As a conclusion, we discuss the link between the organizational innovation and the technological innovation focusing on the ‘gamble’ dimension of such an innovation.     

知识共享视角下联盟组合构型对企业创新绩效的影响

全球化竞争背景下,提高创新绩效、增强行业竞争力已经成为现代企业的迫切需求。在知识共享时代,联盟组合构型成为现代企业实现知识共享、有效获取外部资源的重要路径。为探明联盟组合构型对企业创新绩效的影响,引入知识共享变量,构建反映联盟组合、企业创新绩效以及知识共享三者关系模型,以揭示三者之间的相互作用机理。研究表明,联盟组合规模、多样性和网络密度对企业创新绩效发挥正向作用;知识共享在联盟组合构型与企业创新绩效间发挥正向调节作用。因此,企业应该根据自身需求寻找联盟伙伴,加强与不同行业、不同领域企业或组织的交流与合作,以促进知识共享。同时,还要不断提高联盟成员彼此信任度,建立稳定的知识共享平台和机制。     

基于复杂网络理论的科技创新联盟运行机制研究

复杂网络理论已应用到许多领域,科技创新联盟也是为了现在更多企业、高校等诸多资源的科技创新合作而搭建的合作平台。利用复杂网络理论、加强科技创新联盟运行机制的研究,有利于优化科技创新联盟建设、推动科技创新人才培养、科技创新的发展和企业自主创新水平的提高。     

面向“一带一路”的企业技术标准联盟合作意愿研究——基于领导—追随者网络一致性模型

基于领导—追随者网络一致性模型,分析联盟规模、结构和领导者位置等因素对“一带一路”企业技术标准联盟成员合作意愿的影响。研究发现：(1)本土制造网络情景下中国企业领导联盟合作意愿更强,而本土供应商为领导者联盟的合作意愿较弱;(2)委托代理网络情景下“一带一路”沿线主体领导联盟的合作意愿较弱;(3)产业链网络情景下靠近产业链中部的主体领导联盟合作意愿更强;(4)对于互联互通网络而言,无论哪个企业为领导者,合作意愿都相同;(5)抱团出海网络情景下中国企业领导联盟合作意愿最强。研究结论有助于进一步探究联盟网络特征与联盟合作意愿间的关系,为面向“一带一路”企业技术标准联盟提供新分析框架,对于中国企业发挥“一带一路”技术标准联盟网络合作引导者作用和联盟治理实践具有一定启示意义。     

Specific investment,relational governance and cooperation risk: from the perspective of farmers in China’s “Company+Farmers” alliance

The ‘Company+ Farmers’ alliance is the main organization for China’s agricultural industrialization management. Based on the survey data of farmers cooperating with companies in Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces, this article explores the relationship among farmers’ specific investment, the relational governance of the alliance and farmers’ cooperation risk. The results show that the relational governance of the alliance can be divided into cognitive relational governance and coordinated relational governance. Among these types, cognitive relational governance can significantly promote farmers’ specific investment. However, with the increase in farmers’ specific investment, farmers’ cooperation risk is significantly improved, and the coordinated relational governance can significantly enhance the role of farmers’ material-specific investment in promoting cooperation risk. Therefore, agricultural enterprises can use cognitive relational governance to encourage farmers’ specific investment, and the specific investment of farmers must rely on a contract governance mechanism.     

Is newest always best? Firm-level evidence to challenge a focus on high-capability technological (product or process) innovation

This paper sets out to address a gap in the empirical literature on the importance of ‘low-capability’ innovation for firms. The study is framed around discussion of the conceptual bias that remains in policy and academic literature towards a narrow subset of technological (product or process) innovation labelled ‘high-capability’ innovation in this paper. The paper argues that this bias influences the public and business community's understanding of the term ‘innovation’ and has implications for innovation measurement, research, policy and strategy. The study uses data from an economy-wide, regional innovation survey based on the Oslo manual, and includes 648 innovative firms covering all industry sectors. The paper combines elements of both subject and object approaches to innovation measurement, using data from an open-ended survey question to explore the alignment between what firms report as their ‘most important innovation’ (MII) and firm capabilities for introducing ‘high-capability’ technological innovation. Results show that a substantial share of firms report an MII that is a ‘low-capability’ innovation, including those firms with high R&D intensity, those with novel technological innovation, and firms in more innovative sectors of manufacturing and knowledge intensive business services. The paper discusses the implications of this result for future innovation measurement and research.     

Effects of public funding on firm innovation: transforming or reinforcing a weak innovation pattern?

ABSTRACT

This paper adds to the ongoing debate on the effects of public funding programmes on business innovation. This policy instrument, based upon a simple but a robust rationale, has been applied in an almost homogeneous manner in different contexts, but evidence from such experiences is far from shown homogeneous effects. The main contribution of this paper is that it shows the limitations faced by public funding instruments in affecting a traditionally low innovative pattern. Using panel data techniques, we find heterogeneous effects of public funding on the innovation behaviour of Uruguayan firms between 2001 and 2015. Our results show that, after a strong public policy effort, the critical mass of innovative firms has hardly changed. Input additionality effects of public funding in private innovation investment are found, but only for innovation activities based on the acquisition of embodied knowledge. Moreover, we obtain some evidence of behavioural additionality in process and organizational innovation leading to higher productivity levels, but we find no effects on interaction for innovation.     

Financial innovation,economic growth,and the consequences of macroprudential policies

We leverage a ‘catch-all’ measure of financial innovation—research and development spending in the financial sector—to assess the net relationship between financial innovation and economic growth and evaluate the influence of macroprudential policy on this relationship. Using a panel of 23 countries over the period of 1996–2014, our results demonstrate a net-positive relationship between financial innovation and gross capital formation. We find no evidence of a net-negative impact of financial innovation on economic growth, challenging the popular and political stigma surrounding financial innovation. We also find little robust evidence of macroprudential policy influencing the relationship between financial innovation and economic growth. Our results support a functional approach to the regulation of financial innovation, which improves the intermediation process, leading to increased capital formation.     

创新政策制定的跨部门协调机制

国家创新能力是衡量一个国家发展水平的重要指标，创新政策是提升国家创新能力的重要手段，多部门推出的创新政策“组合拳”关乎国家创新能力的命脉。因此，实现多部门协同创新即跨部门协调合作显得至关重要。中美两国最初以不同方式组建了国家创新体系，美国以市场为导向，中国以政府为导向，其结果是美国形成了“官产学研用”创新模式，中国仍停留在“官产学研”阶段。在创新政策制定过程中，美国形成了“制衡-合作”的跨部门协调主导模式，中国形成了“等级-线性”的跨部门协调主导模式。对比研究发现，中国国家创新体系存在创新转化能力弱的问题，而跨部门协调存在协调范围窄、协调方式单一、协调时效性滞后、协调不规范、主体间协调沟通机制不健全等问题。     

Types of cooperation partners as determinants of innovation failures

In this paper we analyse if specific R&D cooperation partners are related to an increase in the probability of innovation failures in terms discontinuing innovation projects. We distinguish between seven different R&D cooperation partner types, and we discriminate between product innovation failures and process innovation failures. Using German Community Innovation Survey data we find that, firstly, each type of R&D cooperation partner has a different effect on innovation failures. Secondly, we show that product innovation failures and process innovation failures are not affected in equal measure by the same type of R&D cooperation partner. Our results suggest that while R&D cooperation with public research institutes is significantly and negatively related to the probability to cancel a process innovation project, the coefficient is positive but insignificant for product innovation failures. Firms conducting partnerships with suppliers, however, run the risk of both product and process innovation failures. In turn, cooperation with competitors is positively correlated only to process innovation failures.     

Understanding co-operative innovative activity: evidence from four European countries

We investigate co-operative innovative activity in four major European countries, France, Germany, Spain and the UK, using internationally comparable firm-level data for manufacturing and service sectors. We examine the roles of knowledge flows, cost- and risk-sharing and public financial support in firms’ decisions to collaborate. Our results suggest that firms which place greater value on external information flows are more likely to co-operate with the research base than with other firms and that firms facing appropriability problems are more likely to co-operate with the research base and with upstream and downstream firms than with direct competitors. We find evidence for Spain to suggest that firms collaborate to overcome risks and financial constraints. We also find that receipt of public support is positively related to undertaking collaborative innovation. In line with the focus of policy, this relationship is strongest for co-operation with the research base.     

融资成本、金融可得性与军民科技协同创新——基于中关村与湖南省实践分析

探索金融支持军民科技协同创新的有效途径，使资金链与创新链、产业链、政策链发展要求相适应，对军民科技协同创新发展具有重要意义。目前，我国军民科技协同创新面临融资成本高、金融可得性低的双重约束，中关村、湖南两地军民科技协同创新的成功实践表明，破除军民科技协同创新融资约束的关键在于发挥市场配置资源的决定性作用以及更好地发挥政府主导作用。具体而言，在科技创新活跃和金融服务相对完善地区，应搭建金融中介服务平台，充分发挥各市场主体的主观能动性；在科技创新潜力大但金融服务相对薄弱地区，应加强“银-政”合作，充分发挥开发性金融服务机构及地方政府的主动性和创造性，推动军民科技协同创新。     

关键核心技术产学研协同创新机理研究——以芯片光刻技术为例

产学研协同创新是突破关键核心技术“卡脖子”问题、实现科技自立自强的重要途径,但鲜有研究揭示面向关键核心技术创新的产学研协同机理。基于复杂系统管理理论,构建关键核心技术产学研协同创新机理系统框架,揭示产学研非线性互动协同创新规律,并以芯片光刻技术为例,借助社会网络分析法实证解析该框架。研究发现：(1)资源整合—主体交互—系统涌现是基于复杂系统管理视角提升产学研协同网络成效、加快关键核心技术突破的有效途径;(2)主导者—桥梁—辅助者权力分配规则能够有效促进多元主体在交互过程中通过嵌入性社会关系推动关键核心技术创新的价值增值;(3)模块化—松散耦合的网络结构能够消除主体间交互障碍、最大化结构红利,是产学研协同复杂网络在系统结构层面涌现的关键核心技术创新突破规律。最后,通过芯片光刻技术专利合作网络实证解析关键核心技术产学研协同创新机理,提出强化面向关键核心技术产学研协同创新、助力高水平科技自立自强的对策建议。     

The limits of self-governance when cooperators get punished: Experimental evidence from urban and rural Russia

We report evidence from public goods experiments with and without punishment which we conducted in Russia with 566 urban and rural participants of young and mature age cohorts. Russia is interesting for studying voluntary cooperation because of its long history of collectivism, and a huge urban–rural gap. In contrast to previous experiments we find no cooperation-enhancing effect of punishment. An important reason is that there is punishment of contributors in all four subject pools. Thus, punishment can also undermine the scope for self-governance in the sense of high levels of voluntary cooperation that are sustained by sanctioning free riders only.