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1.
哈尼族村寨的原始公地,指的是村寨共有的具有对外排他产权的,对内不属于"水源林"、"寨神林"、"祭祀地"等习俗严禁私人占有的公共土地。从先占原则推论出"原始公地"私有化的结论缺乏充分的证据。基于原始产权理论的分析,我们认为,民国之前,哈尼族村寨中的原始公地未出现私有化倾向,因为我们找不到其间的内生变量和外生变量,也缺乏数据支持。公地先占优先原则不能解释产权制度的变迁,公地的产权私有化是一个制度变迁的问题,而先占优先原则是原有产权最大的实现机制问题,两个问题是不同的问题。  相似文献   

2.
从"公地悲剧"到"反公地悲剧"   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
李晓峰 《经济经纬》2004,162(3):26-28
“反公地悲剧”是与“公地悲剧”对应的一个经济学概念 ,“悲剧”的产生也与产权的界定有关。目前我国正在进行并日益深化的经济体制改革 ,很多领域都由于产权的支离破碎而带有明显的“公地”特性 ,也因此产生了大量的“反公地悲剧”。在深化国有资产管理体制改革过程中 ,应当积极探索新的模式重新整合产权 ,提高国有资产使用效率 ,避免“反公地悲剧”的重演。  相似文献   

3.
科斯定理使许多人相信,明确产权就会解决外部性问题。J.E.Stiglitz等人对科斯定理提出了质疑。作者通过对镶黄旗的调查发现,在集体经营牧草地时期存在“超额放牧”现象,而在私人经营牧草地时期存在“过度放牧”现象,这对科斯定理提出了挑战。本文认为科斯定理强调了产权的重要性,贡献是巨大的,但也存在局限性,有必要进行修正。本文认为,在解决“过度放牧”等外部性问题时,最有效的方法是采取“产权—政府干预”双约束机制和“事前干预法”。  相似文献   

4.
袁巍  王冬 《经济研究导刊》2011,(1):182-183,207
在京都议定书的机制安排下进行的国际碳排放贸易是一种新兴的贸易形态,经济学理论对其作出了许多解释,新古典主义在由于其前提假设在解释问题上遇到了困境;庇古税试图通过征收环境税的方法对私人成本进行校正以实现外部性的内部化,但对于CO2这种全球公共品解释乏力;科斯经济学试图通过明晰产权而解决外部性问题,但CO2交易却不满足科斯条件;排放权交易的市场安排看似可行却事实上很难解决"搭便车"的行为。  相似文献   

5.
公有产权效率研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
王小文 《财经研究》2000,26(12):26-31
本文在分析公有产权与经济效率内涵的基础之上,详细考察了现有公有产权的经济效率后,认为公有产权的经济效率并不低于甚至高于私有产权,而且只要清晰地界定现有公有产权的结构、发展充分竞争的市场结构、国家对公有产权实施有效地保护,公有产权同样可以实现高效率地增长,片面地强调“私有产权神话”并不能实现国有企业改革的成功。  相似文献   

6.
浅论高校科技成果的"反公地悲剧"   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
用“反公地悲剧”理论分析了我国高校科技成果转化率低下的原因,指出高校科技成果产权的模糊性和破碎性是导致目前高校科技成果大量闲置、利用不足的重要原因之一,并时如何防止高校科技成果利用中的“反公地悲剧”现象的发生进行了探讨。  相似文献   

7.
马雪剑 《新经济》2014,(23):54-55
改革开放以来,随着我国经济的发展以及市场经济制度的不断完善,关于公有产权与私有产权效率高低的探讨也越来越多,尤其是针对现阶段的国企垄断问题,国有产权可以说是一种产权归属模糊的公有产权.某些经济学家和新制度经济学家认为,公共产权下会导致自然资源租金的完全耗尽,因而是低效率或无效率的.本文通过论证公有产权与私有产权的区别,并且以煤炭行业为例进行规范分析与实证分析,归纳出公有产权的低效率,并对国有企业改革提出一些建议与看法.  相似文献   

8.
产权的市场交易在现代经济发展中具有极为重要的作用。我国传统国有产权具有非市场交易性,原因就在于否定了公有产权的按劳分配和再分配,从而导致权责利的不对称或产权不完整。公有产权的改革旨在创建具有自我积累功能的公有制的实现形式,它应该是以公有产权的按劳配股(摊债)所确立的以劳权为基础的、具有权责利相对称的新型公有产权系统。本文通过分析传统国有产权的内在矛盾和弊端,提出公有产权改革的目标是建立以劳动股为基础的新型公有产权制度。  相似文献   

9.
金融战略、产权结构与经济增长的门限效应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
鉴于金融深化和产权改革在解释我国经济增长方面的缺陷,文章在综述相关研究的基础上提出金融战略和产权改革与经济增长存在非线性关系的观点,并利用面板门限模型证实了非线性关系的存在。研究结果表明,当市场化程度较低时,金融抑制和国有企业的产权结构因避免了外部性引起的投资不足,成为次优的制度安排并实现了次优的经济效率;随着外部性逐步下降,金融抑制和国有企业的产权结构造成了严重的财政压力和道德风险成本。于是,系统、动态地看待金融战略和产权改革的选择是文章得出的重要启示。  相似文献   

10.
计算机软件侵权的最优赔偿原则研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
通过法律保护软件开发商的利益是创造良好的软件业发展环境的有效途径。在运用法律保护软件产权的司法实践中 ,确定软件侵权的赔偿额是一个十分关键而又非常困难的问题。为了进一步完善我国软件侵权赔偿制度 ,有必要引入法律经济学的方法思考软件侵权赔偿 ,即以经济效率为出发点 ,以博弈论和信息经济学为基本分析工具 ,考虑在一定条件下 ,如何确定最优赔偿原则。本文第一部分 ,从经济学角度分析软件、软件市场和软件侵权的特征 ;第二部分 ,以博弈论为分析工具发展一个简单模型来设计最优赔偿原则 ,并对模型结论进一步展开分析 ;第三部分 ,考虑侵权率内生以及引进软件的网络外部性问题来修正和拓展模型。最后 ,简单总结全文 ,并通过对基本模型的一些假设条件的讨论 ,提出值得进一步研究的问题。  相似文献   

11.
I seek to put social provisioning into perspective with regard to the financial instability issue in capitalism. My analysis rests on an institutionalist-Minskyian endogenous instability assumption and maintains that monetary/financial stability is a peculiar public good or specific commons since it concerns all of society and its viability in time, not individuals involved in private financial relations. Consequently, the provision of financial stability becomes essentially a matter of public policy and requires the intervention of public power in order to prevent finance from becoming a public “bad.” This result relies on the distinction between private “normal” goods and ambivalent/transversal money (and related financial relations). I point to the necessity of a public organization and tight regulation of finance and financial markets, when standard equilibrium models assume that social optimum and stability can be provided by private self-adjustment and market prices mechanisms.  相似文献   

12.
This paper reviews the arguments for and against the “Stability and Growth Pact.” We find the theoretical debate to be inconclusive, as both externality and credibility arguments can be used to yield opposite and plausible conclusions. Empirical evidence in favor of a Pact‐like rule is also scant. We therefore suggest the view that the Stability Pact is a public social norm, that countries obey in order to preserve reputation among the other members of the European Union. Using this extreme—but not implausible—hypothesis, we build a simple model similar in spirit to Akerlof's (1980) seminal work on social norms, and we show that reputation issues may cause the emergence of a stable but inferior equilibrium. Increased heterogenity generally has the effect of further reducing aggregate welfare; we conclude that the problems posed by the Pact/social norm are likely to increase following the enlargement, when a number of countries anxious to prove their “soundness” joined the club.  相似文献   

13.
从 2 0世纪 80年代开始 ,外包服务成为企业经营的一种战略选择 ,特别是2 0 0 2年以来 ,外包服务市场发展更为活跃。与此同时 ,在外包服务需求方所在国和外包服务提供商所在国之间也发生了激烈的争论。本文从外包服务的一个基本假说———“降低成本假说”入手 ,从外包服务存在的原因、获得的收益和是否导致核心竞争力丧失等三个方面 ,进行了深入分析 ,澄清了对外包服务存在的一些误解。文章最后提出一系列值得思考的问题 ,以期引起理论界对外包服务 (尤其是信息技术外包服务 )问题的理论讨论。  相似文献   

14.
In the U.S., public and private employers often survey each other’s wages in order to estimate the prevailing “market wage” for a job. I examine this process to see how it can lead to underpaying women, relying on a 1989 study of government wage-setting in the State of Washington and my own study of government wage-setting in the State of California. Gender biases can appear because numerous decisions are involved in each step of the process, and these decisions are often influenced by the gendered social and political environment, including the different levels of political organization of male and female employees.  相似文献   

15.
This article originated in a shock of recognition. In the second volume of his discourse on “Civilization and Capitalism,” Fernand Braudel muses on the “eclecticism” of “the most advanced kind of capitalism”: “As if the characteristic advantage of standing at the commanding heights of the economy … consisted precisely of not having to confine oneself to a single choice, of being able, as today’s businessmen would put it, to keep one’s options open.”1 My colleagues and I work as venture capitalists and as investment bankers of a specialized kind, engaged in raising capital to support the growth of technologybased companies and in realizing liquidity for their founding investors—often ourselves—by managing public offerings of their shares or by merging them into much larger companies. A primary virtue of our practice is the opportunity to choose with broad discretion where to commit our own and our clients’ capital across what Braudel calls “the differential geography ofprofit.”2  相似文献   

16.
In status competition studies, the utility of heterogeneous individuals typically depends on an economy‐wide average indicator of status. In our model, emulative and jealous agents are embedded in an exogenous network where agent‐specific reference group is determined by the direct link emanating from the agent. Similarly to Ghiglino and Goyal (2010) but in a somewhat different framework, we show that individual consumption is proportional to the agent's “outbound” Katz‐Bonacich network centrality measure and equilibrium is generally inefficient. More important, the negative externality associated with each agent depends on her “inbound” centrality measure—the conspicuousness index. A tax based on this index combined with a uniform lump‐sum transfer attains efficiency.  相似文献   

17.
I present a model of affective polarization—growth in hostility over time between two parties—via quasi-Bayesian inference. In the model, two agents repeatedly choose actions. Each choice is based on a balance of concerns for private interests and the social good. More weight is put on private interests when an agent's character is intrinsically more self-serving and when the other agent is believed to be more self-serving. Each agent Bayesian updates about the other's character, and dislikes the other more when she is perceived as more self-serving. I characterize the effects on growth in dislike of three biases: a prior bias against the other agent's character, the false consensus bias, and limited strategic thinking. Prior bias against the other's character remains constant or declines over time, and actions do not diverge. The other two biases cause actions to become more extreme over time and repeatedly be “worse” than expected, causing mutual growth in dislike, that is, affective polarization. The magnitude of dislike can become arbitrarily large—even when both players are arbitrarily “good” (unselfish). The results imply that seemingly irrelevant cognitive biases can be an important cause of the devolution of relationships, in politics and beyond, and that subtlety and unawareness of bias can be key factors driving the degree of polarization.  相似文献   

18.
This paper studies the dynamics of learning in a model of technology adoption. Firms learn about an unknown technology by observing both private and public signals. Because of the externality associated with the public signal, the social planner has firms experiment more in the initial period of the model, relative to the market equilibrium. In certain cases, this more rapid generation of information results in the planner experimenting less in later periods of the model. In contrast, typical models with public signals result in the planner inducing more experimentation in all periods of the model relative to the market equilibrium. I would like to thank Matt Mitchell and Tom Holmes for their advice and encouragement. I would also like to thank Thor Koeppl, Cyril Monnet, John Stevens, and Jason Cummins, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. This paper is the second chapter of my dissertation. The views expressed herein are my own and not necessarily those of the Bureau of Economic Analysis or the US Department of Commerce.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The Asian and especially the global crisis of 2008 have catalyzed decentralization of the developing world’s financial governance architecture. I understand this state of affairs via the concept of “productive incoherence” which is apparent in a denser, multilayered development financial architecture that is emerging as a consequence of heterogeneous practical adjustments to changing circumstances rather than as the embodiment of a coherent doctrine. Drawing on Albert Hirschman, I argue that the absence of an encompassing theoretical blueprint for a new economic system—i.e. a new “ism” to replace neoliberalism—is in fact a vitally important virtue. If we cannot live without a new “ism,” I propose “Hirschmanian Possibilism” as a new doctrine—one that rejects an overarching theoretical framework from which to deduce the singly appropriate institutional structure of the economy. Hirschmanian Possibilism asserts instead the value of productive incoherence as a framework for pursuing democratic, ethically viable development institutions.  相似文献   

20.
In this paper we analyze whether and how “research” and “development” subsidies influence private R&D activity. Our empirical results show that “research” subsidies stimulate R&D spending within firms while “development” subsidies substitute such spending. At the theoretical level we find empirical support for the market failure argument that private R&D expenditure is best stimulated in areas where the gap between the social and the private rate of return to R&D is high. A policy implication is that technology programs should support research projects in the private sector in order to stimulate to more R&D.  相似文献   

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