非农就业、母亲照料与儿童健康——来自中国乡村的证据

中国农村女性参与非农就业的比例显著提高,对于增进家庭收入、减少贫困起到了积极的作用。但从女性在家庭中的双重身份——挣取收入者和照看孩子的主要人员出发,其劳动模式和供给行为的改变对于下一代福利的影响和人力资本的积累所起到的作用却是不确定的。本文通过将农村地区妇女的劳动供给状况进行区分,就其劳动参与行为对孩童健康状况的影响进行了探讨。在控制其他因素的情况下,母亲额外单位的劳动时间的增加对孩子的健康状况具有显著的负向影响,且同样的母亲非农劳动时间的增加对于孩童健康的负面影响大于农业劳动时间增加的影响程度,而母亲收入增加对孩子健康状况具有显著的正向影响;边际效果分析表明母亲收入增加对孩子健康的正向影响难以抵销劳动时间增加所带来的负面效果。孩子性别不同所受到的影响亦不同,女童相对而言处于健康的劣势地位。虽然母亲的劳动供给有助于缩小孩子营养状况的性别差距,但却是以所有儿童的健康状况下降为代价的。研究结果预期具有较强的政策含义。     

农村劳动力非农就业工资决定的代际差异研究

本文基于中国家庭健康与营养调查（CHNS）2006年的成人调查数据,对农村劳动力非农就业工资决定影响因素的代际差异进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：年龄、受教育年限、性别、是否为家庭农业主要负责人等变量对第一代农村劳动力非农就业参与的概率有着显著的影响,而对于新生代农村劳动力,其参与非农就业的概率只与反映人力资本水平的受教育年限变量显著相关。非农就业经验对第一代农村劳动力非农就业工资性收入存在负影响,对于新生代农村劳动力,受教育年限对工资性收入的影响显著为正,且工资性收入存在性别上的差异。     

农村劳动力非农就业工资决定的代际差异研究

本文基于中国家庭健康与营养调查(CHNS)2006年的成人调查数据,对农村劳动力非农就业工资决定影响因素的代际差异进行了实证分析.研究结果表明:年龄、受教育年限、性别、是否为家庭农业主要负责人等变量对第一代农村劳动力非农就业参与的概率有着显著的影响,而对于新生代农村劳动力,其参与非农就业的概率只与反映人力资本水平的受教育年限变量显著相关.非农就业经验对第一代农村劳动力非农就业工资性收入存在负影响,对于新生代农村劳动力,受教育年限对工资性收入的影响显著为正,且工资性收入存在性别上的差异.     

中国农村人均家庭收入流动性研究：1986—2010年

本文基于中国农村最完整家庭数据,研究中国农村人均家庭收入流动性。研究表明:多维收入流动性指标得出的结论都显示中国农村收入流动性在波动中呈下降趋势;最低收入群体呈现收入固化态势,中等收入群体进入低收入群体的概率大于进入高收入群体的概率;受教育程度改善、非农就业程度提高、家庭生产性固定资产扩大、家庭赡养比提高和税费负担减轻对家庭收入水平和收入位置的提高影响显著。     

影响农村三种非农就业途径的主要因素研究--对天津市农村社会的实证分析

文章探讨了影响农村劳动力非农就业倾向的主要因素。研究结果表明,区位条件对农村劳动力非农就业倾向的影响,主要表现为近城地区以大量企业及相对发达的各种要素市场为第一优势,吸纳了更多劳动力进入本地企业就业。教育总体上是影响农村劳动力非农就业倾向的最重要因素。但其在近城地区的影响却位居第二。在远城地区教育对增大农村非农就业倾向的作用更为显著,而且受教育程度越高这种倾向就越显著。各种文化水平的影响都普遍促进了劳动者到外地企业就业,但对进入本地企业就业和家庭非农经营的促进却并不普遍,其中初中教育对农民在本地企业就业的作用更显著些;高中教育提高农民从事非农家庭经营的倾向最为明显。耕地数量抑制农户劳动力外出务工,但对其在本地企业就业和家庭非农经营的影响也不显著。乡镇企业的发展增大了农民进入本地企业的就业倾向,劳动者供养的非劳动人口数量对农民非农就业的正向影响不显著,农户拥有的非农业和农业生产性资产对农村非农就业的影响不大。因此,加快推进农村城镇化;加强边远农村地区的中等教育,特别是职业技能教育;大力发展乡企和私企;完善农村社会保障体系;构建农村劳动供求信息系统等,是促进农村劳动力加速向非农产业转移的重要途径。     

金融排斥视角下非农就业与农村家庭金融资产配置行为研究

随着农村地区非农就业比例呈增长趋势及农户收入增加,农村家庭的投资理念逐渐趋向多元化,由此产生的投资理财需求开始得到人们的关注.本文运用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2017年数据研究了非农就业对农村家庭金融市场参与的影响及影响机制.结果显示,户主从事非农行业可有效促进农村家庭参与金融市场,并显著提升投资性金融资产的配置水平;非农就业可以通过缓解农村家庭需求端金融排斥程度对其资产配置产生影响,并且农户的社会信任程度越高,非农就业的促进作用越强.异质性分析表明,从事非农行业对中年群体、财富收入较高群体的资产配置行为影响更加显著;户主从事第三产业或外出务工对家庭持有风险金融资产的促进作用更强,而对于户主为兼业或创业人员的家庭而言,该影响则不显著.本文基于实证结果和农村地区劳动力市场结构变化的现状,结合当前增强金融普惠性和提高直接融资比重的政策目标,提出了改善家庭资产配置的相关建议,鼓励与促进农户进一步参与金融市场,享受资本市场发展带来的红利.     

福建省农村劳动力非农就业行业影响因素实证分析

中国农村劳动力的非农就业对促进农村经济发展,缩小城乡收入差距具有积极的意义,因此非农就业的行业差异及其影响因素便成为经济学家和社会学家关注的课题之一。本文以福建省的非农就业为例,通过问卷调查取得数据,并运用SPSS统计软件建立多元Logistic模型,得出福建省非农就业行业受到宏观经济因素和微观个体因素的共同影响。     

农户非农劳动参与率和供给水平的影响因素分析：以安徽省为例

研究农户非农劳动决策的影响因素,对于户主选择农业劳动和非农劳动以及二者间的时间分配具有重要意义。本文利用安徽省的调研数据,采用Probit和Tobit模型分析了农户非农劳动参与率和供给水平的影响因素。通过检验发现：户主年龄、受教育年限和拥有耕地面积等因素具有显著性效应;而户主受到的农技培训、粮食补贴和基础设施等因素对户主参与非农劳动决策有不同的影响。在此基础上,对政府在农村实施的政策效果进行了评述。     

关系对农村收入差距的贡献及其地区差异——一项基于回归的分解分析

社会关系网络对于收入差距的贡献度有多大？在市场化程度和经济发展水平不同的地区，关系对收入差距的贡献度有怎样的不同？本文通过对中国农村家庭收入的决定以及农户间收入差距的分解发现，社会网络对收入差距的贡献达到12．1％-13．4％，在各种收入决定因素中，仅次于村庄哑变量、非农就业比重和教育，位居第四。在市场化程度和经济发展水平较高的东部地区，社会网络对收入的提高作用，以及社会网络对于收入差距的贡献度都明显高于中西部。     

经济转型下的中国城镇女性就业、收入及其对家庭收入不平等的影响

本文利用1988、1995和2002年的中国城镇家庭收入调查数据,旨在比较改革的渐进期(1988—1995年)和深化期(1995—2002年),城镇已婚女性的就业和就业收入对家庭收入差距的影响。我们发现在两个时期,已婚女性的就业明显下降,其就业收入都起到了缩小家庭收入差距的作用。在改革渐进期,已婚女性就业收入缩小家庭收入差距的作用不断加强;而在改革深化期这一作用是下降的。和改革渐进期相比,已婚女性就业收入的变化在改革深化期成为了缩小家庭收入差距的重要原因。     

农村贫困地区家庭幼儿照料对女性非农就业的影响

自从1978年改革开放以来,非农就业已经成为中国农村家庭收入增长的主要来源。然而,男性和女性对非农经济活动的参与机会存在不平等。考察了农村女性的家庭幼儿照料责任对此所产生的影响。在农村贫困地区,缺乏稳定可靠的幼儿看护机构是母亲非农就业的主要障碍。2001年四个国定贫困县592户调查数据的回归分析结果证实,拥有6岁以下幼儿使女性农业生产的参与率增加1.94个百分点,而非农私营活动和挣工资活动的参与率分别下降1.22和0.7个百分点。     

农村劳动力非农就业与土地流转——基于动力视角的研究

劳动力转移理论表明,农村劳动力非农就业的动力可能是农业收入下降或非农部门工资上涨。虽然都能促进非农就业,但这两种因素对土地市场的作用机制并不相同。基于此,笔者考察了短期内农村劳动力非农就业与土地流转的关系。结果表明,劳动力非农就业与土地流转的关系因非农就业动力而异。农业收入下降推动农村劳动力非农就业,抑制农户间比较优势发挥,抑制土地流转;而非农部门工资上涨拉动农村劳动力非农就业,促进农户间比较优势发挥,促进土地流转。因此,非农就业市场与土地流转市场的关系并不等同于家庭劳动力非农就业与农户土地流转行为的关系。劳动力大量非农就业没有引发土地快速流转的原因可能是农业经营环境恶化,利润下降。     

Does agricultural cooperative membership influence off-farm work decisions of farm couples?

Membership in agricultural cooperatives may influence intra-household decisions regarding the division of household labor. However, the linkages between cooperative membership and labor allocation remain unexplored. To fill this gap, we examine the impact of cooperative membership on off-farm work decisions of couples engaged in farming, using data collected from 595 banana farmers in China. The recursive bivariate probit model and endogenous-treatment Poisson regression model are employed to address the self-selection bias inherent in cooperative membership. The results show that cooperative membership increases the probability of participating in off-farm work by 38% for husbands and 31% for wives. Having large households reduces the probability of husbands but increases that of wives working off-farm. Cooperative membership is also associated with more time spent on off-farm work and higher earnings for both husbands and wives. Our findings point to the potential of agricultural cooperatives to increase farm couples’ off-farm employment, thus increasing household income and quality of life.     

Moving toward markets? Labor allocation in rural China

China's economic reforms have brought rapid growth in rural off-farm employment, raising questions about the assumption that rural China is labor surplus and has poorly functioning factor markets. We investigate this by testing for separability between household labor demand and supply using panel data. We find that separability is rejected overall, indicating that factor markets remain underdeveloped. Nonseparability, however, is associated with labor surplus in some areas and labor shortage in others. Moreover, separability holds where substantial employment opportunities exist in the wider township, suggesting that such employment promotes competitive allocation within villages as well as the inter-village movement of resources.     

Off-farm labour and the structure of US agriculture: the case of corn/soybean farms

While the growing importance of off-farm earnings suggests large benefits accrue to farmers from efforts to expand off-farm income opportunities, economic well being also depends on greater efficiency. To comprehensively gauge the economic health of farm operator households' off-farm income is interpreted as an output along with corn, soybeans, livestock and other crops. To accomplish this task two related methodologies were used. First, using 2000 data, a multi-activity cost function was set up to analyse labour allocation decisions within the farm operator household and also to estimate returns to scale and scope. Second, using 1996–2000 data, an input distance function approach was followed to estimate returns to scale, cost economies and technical efficiency – and the relative performance of farm operator households with and without off-farm wages and salaries compared. The cost function and input distance function results both suggest that off-farm outputs and inputs can be modelled in a multi-activity framework and involve significant economies of scope.     

健康变化对劳动供给和收入影响的实证分析

本文使用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据检验了居民健康状况变化对居民劳动供给和家庭收入的影响。通过控制基期健康状况和一系列个人特征,本文重点检验了可以被视作外生冲击的健康变化对居民劳动供给和家庭收入的影响。考虑到城乡居民以及性别在劳动供给以及收入上的差异,本文还分别分城乡和性别进行了回归分析。研究发现,滞后期健康状况与当期劳动供给和家庭收入显著正相关;健康恶化显著降低劳动供给和家庭收入。此外,健康与劳动供给和家庭收入之间的关系在城乡居民和性别之间均存在差异,具体地,城市居民和男性更容易因健康恶化退出劳动供给,农村居民和女性则会因健康改善增加劳动供给。这表明在评估健康干预政策时要综合考虑健康变化对公民社会经济状况(SES)可能造成的影响,同时,对城市居民和农村居民以及对男性和女性要区别考虑。     

Is life more risky in the open? Household risk-coping and the opening of China's labor markets

This paper uses a unique panel of data from rural China to analyze the impact of expanding connections to off-farm labor markets on the income and consumption of farm households. With stronger village ties to both migrant and local off-farm labor markets, households in previously autarkic village communities experience reduced exposure to shocks affecting agricultural production. The analyses presented in this paper control for the persistent effect of past shocks influencing income and consumption, household attrition potentially correlated with shocks, and endogeneity of household demographic composition, land holdings and village network connections to migrant and local labor markets.     

中国农村老人的劳动供给研究

本文利用2000年农户抽样调查数据,测算了中国农村50岁及以上人口的劳动参与率并分析了影响农村老年劳动力劳动供给的因素。研究发现,农村老人的劳动参与率较高;影响老人是否工作的因素主要是年龄、健康状况、所承担的责任、性别、居住方式和土地等家庭因素,与经济因素关系不大。分析结果表明,随着农村家庭的核心化和青壮年劳动力向城镇流迁,农村传统的家庭养老模式正面临冲击,必须在农村建立社会养老保障机制。     

The Care Economy in Post-Reform China: Feminist Research on Unpaid and Paid Work and Well-Being

ABSTRACT

As China embarked on the path of economic and social reforms, social provisions from the Maoist era were dismantled, and care responsibilities shifted back from the state to the household. Rural–urban migration, a steep decline in fertility, and increasing longevity have led to changes in the age structure of the population both overall and by region. Using seven different surveys, the eleven contributions in this volume study the distributive consequences of post-reform care policies and the impact of unpaid care responsibilities on women’s and men’s opportunities and gender inequality. Overall, reduced care services have created care deficits for disadvantaged groups, including low-income rural elderly and children. The shifted care burden has also limited women’s ability to participate fully in the market economy and has contributed to rising gender inequalities in labor force participation, off-farm employment, earnings, pensions, and mental health outcomes.     

Microcredit,Labor, and Poverty Impacts in Urban Mexico

Improved household accessibility to credit is a significant determinant of intra‐household allocation of labor resources with important implications for productivity, income, and poverty status. However, credit accessibility could also have wider impacts on poverty if it leads to new hires outside the household. This paper contributes to the existing literature on microcredit in two important ways. First, it investigates the routes through which microcredit reaches those in poverty outside the household. We test whether by lending to the vulnerable non‐poor microcredit can indirectly benefit poor laborers through increased employment. Second, we conduct the study in the context of urban poverty Mexico. This is relevant when considering that labor often represents the only source of livelihoods to the extreme urban poor. Our findings point to significant trickle‐down effects of microcredit that benefit poor laborers; however, these effects are only observed after loan‐supported enterprising households achieve earnings well above the poverty line.