“人以群分”非市场互动和群分效应的文献评论

由于存在着非市场的互动，市场的均衡结果是人们按不同的收入和社会地位而分层，从而出现“群分效应”，在现实中又突出地表现为居住区的分割，这对于低收入阶层的收入、人力资本积累和公共品消费有着显著的负面影响。政府应在开展实证研究的基础上，有针对性地采取一些经济和社会政策减少群分效应和居住区分割的负面影响，促进经济发展和社会和谐。     

中国劳动力市场中的"美貌经济学":身材重要吗?

本文利用中国健康和营养调查数据库(CHNS)中的城镇居民收入和体检数据,分析了我国劳动力市场中的外表歧视问题。结果表明,我国劳动力市场对女性的外表特征存在明显的歧视行为。身材"偏胖"对女性的工资收入和就业都有显著的负面影响;女性身高每增加1厘米,其工资收入会提高1.5%—2.2%。分位数回归结果表明,在不同收入水平上,身高和体重对收入的影响存在差异,身材对中等收入阶层女性的收入影响最为明显。身材对男性就业和收入的影响并不明显。     

中国垄断性国有企业负外部效应的治理

我国垄断性国有企业的形成有着历史和现实的原因,其在为社会经济发展做贡献的同时,也产生了一定的负外部效应,如垄断性国企收入分配不平衡,在一定程度上造成社会收入差距逐步扩大;垄断性国企带来的环境污染成为棘手问题,对生态文明建设的推进有一定的负面影响;垄断性国企的不公平竞争,影响了整个社会的公平与效率,降低了社会创新能力;垄断性国企经营信息的不透明,导致了民众生活成本的增加等。因此,要通过竞争机制的改革、薪酬的改革、考核指标的完善和信息披露机制的完善来治理这些负外部效应,使垄断性国有企业更好地为社会发展服务。     

劳动收入份额、内外环境与企业绩效

分群体探索收入分配影响后果是合理构建收入分配格局、促进高质量发展的应有之义，以1999—2020年沪深A股上市公司为样本，基于微观视角探索劳动收入份额影响后果。研究发现，在激励效应和成本效应共同作用下，劳动收入份额与企业绩效呈非线性关系，且当前成本效应占主导；经济政策不确定性通过成本效应促使劳动收入份额与企业绩效间的负相关关系更显著，劳动保护通过激励效应缓解两者之间的负相关关系；高管过度自信放大成本效应使两者的负相关关系更显著，人力资本水平有助于缓解成本效应从而能够缓释劳动收入份额对企业绩效的负面影响。进一步研究表明，劳动收入份额通过影响全要素生产率影响企业绩效；随着时间推移，创新有助于缓和劳动收入份额对企业绩效的负面影响。研究结论从员工管理、企业发展战略角度为企业应对劳动成本上升提供相关建议，从微观层面为国家收入分配改革提供新参考。     

行业收入差距的经济学解释

文章通过统计数据验证了我国行业收入的绝对差距逐渐扩大,相对差距持续高位的现实,并运用经济学的理论与分析方法论证了行业收入差距的产生与发展机理。首先,垄断企业的高利润获得机制决定其在劳动力市场中的决策主体地位;其次,行业市场分割与拥挤效应再现了垄断行业高利润与低就业的利己目标与社会效应的矛盾;最后,垄断行业存在的大量的隐性工资收入,即福利津贴等准固定劳动力成本,更加放大了行业收入的差距状况,使得民众感受的行业收入差距大于数据中的体现。这部分隐藏的非公平的社会感知,是政府决策者在缓解收入差距、促进社会公平的制度建设中应该重点解决的问题。     

中国农村金融发展的收入效应——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

本文利用中国23个省级地区1988—2008年的面板数据,通过引入地区和时间两类虚拟变量,对中国农村金融的收入效应进行了比较与分析。研究结果显示,中国农村金融发展的收入效应具有显著的地区和时间差异。在东部和中部地区,农村金融发展对农民收入具有显著的正面影响,并且东部的效应大于中部;而在西部地区,农村金融发展对农民收入具有显著的负面影响。在1988—1998年和1999—2008年这两个时间段内,东部地区农村金融发展的收入效应进一步增强,中部和西部地区的收入效应没有显著变化。     

城市化与城乡收入——城乡分割制度改革的逻辑与对策

本文采取了"刘易斯+马克思+斯密"的视角,基于中国城乡分割制度变迁以及城乡移民与城市居民之间劳动分工关系的特征事实,提出理论假说:城乡移民对城乡收入的影响受到城乡制度分割程度的调节。来自1995—2008年中国215个地级市的面板数据实证分析量化了该理论假说:城市收入对城乡移民的弹性受到城乡分割显著的负向调节,农村收入对城乡移民的弹性受到城乡分割显著的正向调节。在低程度的城乡分割区间,城乡移民有利于城市收入而不利于农村收入;在高程度的城乡分割区间,城乡移民有利于农村收入而不利于城市收入;在城乡分割程度居中的区间,城乡移民既有利于城市收入又有利于农村收入。因此,户籍等城乡分割制度无法激励相容地自发破除,改革须依赖于利益中性的顶层设计。     

收入不平等、社会犯罪与国民幸福感-来自中国的经验证据

本文利用世界价值观调查数据,对中国收入不平等与居民主观幸福感之间的关系及其作用机制进行了实证研究。结论发现,中国的收入不平等对居民的主观幸福感有显著的负面影响,而且它对农村居民和低收入者的负面影响要显著大于城市居民和高收入者。此外,收入不平等除了自身对居民的幸福感有显著负面影响外,还通过社会犯罪间接地对居民的幸福感产生负面影响。     

房地产价格逆向调节收入分配的机制分析

住房价格持续高涨形成的财富效应,是我国居民贫富差距不断扩大的一个主要原因。从体制机制视角系统分析,在房地产领域的地价剪刀差制度、住房税收免征制度、城乡不动产流转分割制度和土地批租制度,它们共同在逆向调节收入分配。认清这些制度存在的问题,秉持收入再分配公平原则改革这些制度,是理顺我国房地产经济关系,缩小社会贫富差距,增强经济发展内在动力的必要条件。     

1985年以来我国居民消费过度敏感性的实证检验——基于状态空间模型的分析

实证分析表明,居民消费存在过度敏感性,消费由当期收入决定的消费者所占比例不低于68%。收入和就业的不确定性、支出增长的预期、微弱的资产财富效应和流动性约束是导致过度敏感性的主要原因。较保守的消费习惯和利率效应的弱化也对消费的过度敏感性产生影响。为减缓过度敏感性对消费的负面影响,应该健全社会保障制度,建立多层次资本市场,健全消费信贷等社会信用制度,抑制住房和医疗等消费价格的过快增长。     

INEQUALITY AND THE MEASUREMENT OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION BY INCOME IN AMERICAN NEIGHBORHOODS

American metropolitan areas have experienced rising residential segregation by income since 1970. One potential explanation for this change is growing income inequality. However, measures of residential sorting are typically mechanically related to the income distribution, making it difficult to identify the impact of inequality on residential choice. This paper presents a measure of residential segregation by income, the Centile Gap Index (CGI), which is based on income percentiles. Using the CGI, I find that a one standard deviation increase in income inequality raises residential income segregation by 0.4–0.9 standard deviations. Inequality at the top of the distribution is associated with more segregation of the rich, while inequality at the bottom and declines in labor demand for less-skilled men are associated with residential isolation of the poor. Inequality can fully explain the rise in income segregation between 1970 and 2000.     

Crime and segregation

Metropolitan areas in the United States are characterized by both geographic concentration in robbery rates, and racial segregation in residential patterns. We argue that these two phenomena are closely connected. Robberies typically involve incomplete information about the likelihood of victim resistance and offender violence. Geographic concentration in robbery rates can lead to segregation (in excess of levels that would emerge under neighborhood sorting by income) because robbers prey disproportionately on whites, believing them to be more compliant, and whites protect themselves by moving disproportionately to safer neighborhoods. Hence, conditional on income, blacks live in more dangerous neighborhoods than whites.     

Monopolistic supply of sorting,inequality, and welfare

Why is an increase in income inequality often accompanied by an increase in socioeconomic segregation? And what are the welfare implications of this comovement? This paper uses a theoretical model to analyze the relationship between income inequality and socioeconomic segregation. It shows that rising inequality can trigger sorting according to income, as a monopolist's profits from offering sorting increase with income inequality. It also examines the relationship between sorting and social welfare and shows that profit-maximizing sorting patterns are not necessarily optimal from a welfare perspective. In fact, for a broad field of income distributions (monopolist) profits increase with inequality, while at the same time total welfare from sorting decreases.     

Education, segregation and marital sorting: theory and an application to the UK

This paper presents a model of the intergenerational transmission of education and marital sorting. Parents matter both because of their household income and because their human capital determines the distribution of a child's disutility from making an effort to become skilled. We show that an increase in segregation has potentially ambiguous effects on the proportion of individuals that become skilled in the steady state, and hence on marital sorting, the personal and household income distribution, and welfare. We calibrate the steady state of our model to UK statistics. We find that an increase in the correlation of spouses in their years of education will bring about a small increase in the proportion of skilled individuals when the relative supply of skilled individuals is variable at the family level and a decrease when this supply is fixed. Ex-ante utility (of an unborn individual) increases in the first case and decreases in the second. The welfare effect of increased sorting is negative for unskilled individuals and positive for skilled individuals. Increased segregation always leads to an increase in welfare inequality between skilled and unskilled individuals.     

Tiebout and redistribution in a model of residential and political choice

The paper considers a two-community model with freely mobile individuals. Individuals differ not only in their incomes, but also in their tastes for a local public good. In each jurisdiction, the amount of public services is determined by majority vote of the inhabitants, and local spending is financed by a residence-based linear income tax. When making their residential and political choices, individuals thus face a trade-off between the provisionary and redistributive effects of policies. We analyze this trade-off and show that Tiebout-like sorting equilibria often exist. If the spread in tastes among individuals is very large, an almost perfect sorting according to preferences emerges; otherwise, a partial sorting prevails and stratification into rich and poor communities is more pronounced. Importantly, we demonstrate that all these sorting equilibria exist whether or not individuals are allowed to relocate after voting.     

Environment and Trade: The Relationship of International Trade and Environmental Policy

Followers of urban affairs and public policy have written much over the years about the rise of suburbia and development beyond older city boundaries in the US, whether such development is called urban, suburban, or ex-urban sprawl. Many researchers have focused on various issues concerning sprawl, especially on the unintended consequences that new development has had for municipal finances, neighborhood income and residential segregation, and transportation planning, among other issues. Over the last decade, a new area in the literature on sprawl has focused on how the “built environment” of residential areas can impact health and emergency services. We contribute to this latest set of papers on sprawl by trying to empirically estimate the impact of sprawl in metropolitan regions on the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) spending on “public assistance.” This assistance encompasses spending on debris removal, emergency protective measures, and rehabilitating or rebuilding of infrastructure, public buildings, public utilities, parks and recreational areas, in post-disaster relief efforts. In our exploratory analysis, the results indicate that urban sprawl is a factor in influencing the level of FEMA’s public assistance spending.     

Local Residential Sorting and Public Goods Provision: A Classroom Demonstration

This classroom exercise illustrates the Tiebout (1956) hypothesis that residential sorting across multiple jurisdictions leads to a more efficient allocation of local public goods. The exercise places students with heterogeneous preferences over a public good into a single classroom community. A simple voting mechanism determines the level of public good provision in the community. Next, the classroom is divided in two, and students may choose to move between the two smaller communities, sorting themselves according to their preferences for public goods. The exercise places cost on movement at first, then allows for costless sorting. Students have the opportunity to observe how social welfare rises through successive rounds of the exercise, as sorting becomes more complete. They may also observe how immobile individuals can become worse off because of incomplete sorting when the Tiebout assumptions do not hold perfectly.     

Sorting by foot: 'travel‐for' local public goods and equilibrium stratification

Abstract.  We re‐examine Tiebout's hypothesis of endogenous sorting in a competitive spatial equilibrium framework, by considering both income and preference heterogeneity and by allowing agents to decide endogenously the number of visits to a 'travel‐for' local public good. The equilibrium configuration may be completely segregated, incompletely segregated, or completely integrated, depending on relative market rents and income/preference/local tax parameters. A segregated equilibrium may feature endogenous sorting purely by income or by both income and preferences. While the rich need not be closer to the local public facility site, multiple equilibria may arise when the equilibrium configuration is incompletely segregated. JEL classification: D50, H41     

Buying a Home with a Resale Value: Location,Location, Location*

We develop a dynamic multiregion model, where a household's choice of housing location depends on its current wealth and its current type, and involves both consumption and investment considerations. The relative strength of the consumption motive and the investment motive determines the equilibrium pattern of residential sorting. A strong investment (consumption) motive implies sorting according to household type (wealth). The model predicts that large house‐price fluctuations are associated with a low degree of sorting by type. This prediction is consistent with evidence from US metropolitan areas when income, education, and age are used as proxies for household type.